04737_C++程序设计_第9章_运算符重载及流类库-CSDN博客

例9.1

完整实现str类的例子。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <string>
 5 
 6 using namespace std;
 7 
 8 class str
 9 {
10 private:
11     char *st;
12 public:
13     str(char *s);//使用字符指针的构造函数
14     str(str& s);//使用对象引用的构造函数
15     str& operator=(str& a);//重载使用对象引用的赋值运算符
16     str& operator=(char *s);//重载使用指针的赋值运算符
17     void print()
18     {
19         cout << st << endl;//输出字符串
20     }
21     ~str()
22     {
23         delete st;
24     }
25 };
26 
27 str::str(char *s)
28 {
29     st = new char[strlen(s) + 1];//为st申请内存
30     strcpy(st, s);//将字符串s复制到内存区st
31 }
32 
33 str::str(str& a)
34 {
35     st = new char[strlen(a.st) + 1];//为st申请内存
36     strcpy(st, a.st);//将对象a的字符串复制到内存区st
37 }
38 
39 str& str::operator=(str& a)
40 {
41     if (this == &a)//防止a=a这样的赋值
42     {
43         return *this;//a=a，退出
44     }
45     delete st;//不是自身，先释放内存空间
46     st = new char[strlen(a.st) + 1];//重新申请内测
47     strcpy(st, a.st);//将对象a的字符串复制到申请的内存区
48     return *this;//返回this指针指向的对象
49 }
50 
51 str& str::operator=(char *s)
52 {
53     delete st;//是字符串直接赋值，先释放内存空间
54     st = new char[strlen(s) + 1];//重新申请内存
55     strcpy(st, s);//将字符串s复制到内存区st
56     return *this;
57 }
58 
59 void main()
60 {
61     str s1("We"), s2("They"), s3(s1);//调用构造函数和复制构造函数
62 
63     s1.print();
64     s2.print();
65     s3.print();
66 
67     s2 = s1 = s3;//调用赋值操作符
68     s3 = "Go home!";//调用字符串赋值操作符
69     s3 = s3;//调用赋值操作符但不进行赋值操作
70 
71     s1.print();
72     s2.print();
73     s3.print();
74 
75     system("pause");
76 };

例9.2

使用友元函数重载运算符“<<”和“>>”。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 class test
 8 {
 9 private:
10     int i;
11     float f;
12     char ch;
13 public:
14     test(int a = 0, float b = 0, char c = '\0')
15     {
16         i = a;
17         f = b;
18         ch = c;
19     }
20     friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &, test);
21     friend istream &operator>>(istream &, test &);
22 };
23 
24 ostream &operator<<(ostream & stream, test obj)
25 {
26     stream << obj.i << ",";
27     stream << obj.f << ",";
28     stream << obj.ch << endl;
29     return stream;
30 }
31 
32 istream &operator>>(istream & t_stream, test &obj)
33 {
34     t_stream >> obj.i;
35     t_stream >> obj.f;
36     t_stream >> obj.ch;
37     return t_stream;
38 }
39 
40 void main()
41 {
42     test A(45, 8.5, 'W');
43 
44     cout << A;
45 
46     test B, C;
47 
48     cout << "Input as i f ch:";
49 
50     cin >> B >> C;
51 
52     cout << B << C;
53     
54     system("pause");
55 };

例9.3

使用类运算符重载“++”运算符。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 class number
 8 {
 9     int num;
10 public:
11     number(int i)
12     {
13         num = i;
14     }
15     int operator++();//前缀：++n
16     int operator++(int);//后缀：n++
17     void print()
18     {
19         cout << "num=" << num << endl;
20     }
21 };
22 
23 int number::operator++()
24 {
25     num++;
26     return num;
27 }
28 
29 int number::operator++(int)//不用给出形参名
30 {
31     int i = num;
32     num++;
33     return i;
34 }
35 
36 void main()
37 {
38     number n(10);
39 
40     int i = ++n;//i=11,n=11
41     cout << "i=" << i << endl;//输出i=11
42     n.print();//输出n=11
43 
44     i = n++;////i=11,n=12
45     cout << "i=" << i << endl;//输出i=11
46     n.print();//输出n=12
47     
48     system("pause");
49 };

例9.4

使用友元运算符重载“++”运算符。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 class number
 8 {
 9     int num;
10 public:
11     number(int i)
12     {
13         num = i;
14     }
15     friend int operator++(number&);//前缀：++n
16     friend int operator++(number&, int);//后缀：n++
17     void print()
18     {
19         cout << "num=" << num << endl;
20     }
21 };
22 
23 int operator++(number& a)
24 {
25     a.num++;
26     return a.num;
27 }
28 
29 int operator++(number& a, int)//不用给出int类型的形参名
30 {
31     int i = a.num++;
32     return i;
33 }
34 
35 void main()
36 {
37     number n(10);
38 
39     int i = ++n;//i=11,n=11
40     cout << "i=" << i << endl;//输出i=11
41     n.print();//输出n=11
42 
43     i = n++;////i=11,n=12
44     cout << "i=" << i << endl;//输出i=11
45     n.print();//输出n=12
46     
47     system("pause");
48 };

例9.5

使用对象作为友元函数参数来定义运算符“+”的例子。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 class complex
 8 {
 9     double real, imag;
10 public:
11     complex(double r = 0, double i = 0)
12     {
13         real = r;
14         imag = i;
15     }
16     friend complex operator+(complex, complex);
17     void show()
18     {
19         cout << real << "+" << imag << "i";
20     }
21 };
22 
23 complex operator+(complex a, complex b)
24 {
25     double r = a.real + b.real;
26     double i = a.imag + b.imag;
27     return complex(r, i);
28 }
29 
30 void main()
31 {
32     complex x(5, 3), y;
33 
34     y = x + 7;//12+3i
35     y = 7 + y;//19+3i
36     y.show();//输出19+3i
37     
38     system("pause");
39 };

例9.6

设计类iArray，对其重载下标运算符[]，并能在进行下标访问时检查下标是否越界。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <iomanip>
 5 
 6 using namespace std;
 7 
 8 class iArray
 9 {
10     int _size;
11     int *data;
12 public:
13     iArray(int);
14     int& operator[](int);
15     int size()const
16     {
17         return _size;
18     }
19     ~iArray()
20     {
21         delete[]data;
22     }
23 };
24 
25 iArray::iArray(int n)//构造函数中n>1
26 {
27     if (n < 1)
28     {
29         cout << "Error dimension description";
30         exit(1);
31     }
32     _size = n;
33     data = new int[_size];
34 }
35 
36 int & iArray::operator[](int i)//合理范围0~_size-1
37 {
38     if (i < 0 || i > _size - 1)//检查越界
39     {
40         cout << "\nSubscript out of range";
41         delete[]data;//释放数组所占内存空间
42         exit(1);
43     }
44     return data[i];
45 }
46 
47 void main()
48 {
49     iArray a(10);
50     cout << "数组元素个数=" << a.size() << endl;
51 
52     for (int i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
53     {
54         a[i] = 10 * (i + 1);
55     }
56 
57     for (int i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
58     {
59         cout << setw(5) << a[i];
60     }
61     
62     system("pause");
63 };

例9.7

演示使用标志位的例子。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 const double PI = 3.141592;
 8 
 9 void main()
10 {
11     int a = 15;
12     bool it = 1, not = 0;
13 
14     cout << showpoint << 123.0 << " "//输出小数点
15         << noshowpoint << 123.0 << " ";//不输出小数点
16     cout << showbase;//演示输出数基
17     cout << a << " " << uppercase << hex << a << " " << nouppercase//演示大小写
18         << hex << a << " " << noshowbase << a << dec << a << endl;
19 
20     cout << uppercase << scientific << PI << " " << nouppercase << PI << " " << fixed << PI << endl;
21 
22     cout << cout.precision() << " " << PI << " ";//演示cout的成员函数
23     cout.precision(4);
24     cout << cout.precision() << " " << PI << endl;
25 
26     cout.width(10);
27     cout << showpos << right << a << " " << noshowpos << PI << " ";//演示数值符号
28     cout << it << " " << not<< " "
29         << boolalpha << it << " " << " " << not<< " "//演示bool
30         << noboolalpha << " " << it << " " << not<< endl;
31 
32     cout.width(10);
33     cout << left << PI << " " << 123 << " " << cout.width() << " ";
34     cout << 123 << " " << cout.width() << endl;
35 
36     system("pause");
37 };

例9.8

使用成员函数设置标志位的例子。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 
 5 using namespace std;
 6 
 7 const double PI = 3.141592;
 8 
 9 void main()
10 {
11     int a = 15;
12 
13     cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);//演示使用setf和unsetf
14     cout << 123.0 << " ";
15     cout.unsetf(ios_base::showpoint);
16     cout << 123.0 << endl;
17 
18     cout.setf(ios_base::showbase);
19     cout.setf(ios_base::hex, ios_base::basefield);
20     cout << a << " " << uppercase << hex << a << " " << nouppercase//比较哪种方便
21         << hex << a << " " << noshowbase << a << dec << " " << a << endl;
22 
23     float c = 23.56F, d = -101.22F;
24     cout.width(20);
25     cout.setf(ios_base::scientific | ios_base::right | ios_base::showpos, ios_base::floatfield);
26     cout << c << "\t" << d << "\t";
27     cout.setf(ios_base::fixed | ios_base::showpos, ios_base::floatfield);
28     cout << c << "\t" << d << "\t";
29 
30     cout << cout.flags() << " " << 123.0 << " ";//演示输出flags
31     cout.flags(513);//演示设置flags
32     cout << 123.0 << endl;
33 
34     cout.setf(ios_base::scientific);//演示省略方式
35     cout << 123.0 << endl;
36 
37     cout.width(8);//设置填充字符数量(n-1)
38     cout << cout.fill('*') << 123 << endl;//演示填充
39 
40     system("pause");
41 };

例9.9

演示文件流的概念。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <fstream>//输入输出文件流头文件
 5 
 6 using namespace std;
 7 
 8 void main()
 9 {
10     int i;
11 
12     char ch[15], *p = "abcdefg";
13 
14     ofstream myFILE;//建立输出流myFILE
15     myFILE.open("myText.txt");//建立输出流myFILE和myText.txt之间的关联
16     myFILE << p;//使用输出流myFILE将字符串流向文件
17     myFILE << "GoodBye!";//使用输出流myFILE直接将字符串流向文
18     myFILE.close();//关闭文件myText.txt
19 
20     ifstream getText("myText.txt");//建立输入流getText及其和文件myText.txt的关联
21 
22     for (i = 0; i < strlen(p) + 8; i++)//使用输入流getText每次从文件myText.txt读入1个字符
23     {
24         getText >> ch[i];//将每次读入的1个字符赋给数组的元素
25     }
26     ch[i] = '\0';//设置结束标志
27 
28     getText.close();//关闭文件myText.txt
29 
30     cout << ch;//使用cout流向屏幕
31 
32     system("pause");
33 };

例9.10

演示重载流运算符的例子。

 1 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 2 
 3 #include <iostream>
 4 #include <fstream>
 5 
 6 using namespace std;
 7 
 8 struct list
 9 {
10     double salary;
11     char name[20];
12     friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, list &ob);
13     friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, list &ob);
14 };
15 
16 istream &operator>>(istream &is, list &ob)//重载”>>“运算符
17 {
18     is >> ob.name;
19     is >> ob.salary;
20     return is;
21 }
22 
23 ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, list &ob)//重载”<<“运算符
24 {
25     os << ob.name << ' ';
26     os << ob.salary << ' ';
27     return os;
28 }
29 
30 void main()
31 {
32     int i;
33 
34     list worker1[2] = { {1256,"LiMing"},{3467,"ZhangHong"} }, worker2[2];
35     ofstream out("pay.txt", ios::binary);
36 
37     if (!out)
38     {
39         cout << "没有正确建立文件，结束程序运行！" << endl;
40         return;
41     }
42 
43     for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
44     {
45         out << worker1[i];//将worker1[i]作为整体对待
46     }
47     out.close();
48 
49     ifstream in("pay.txt", ios::binary);
50 
51     if (!in)
52     {
53         cout << "没有正确建立文件，结束程序运行！" << endl;
54         return;
55     }
56 
57     for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
58     {
59         in >> worker2[i];//将worker2[i]整体读入
60         cout << worker2[i] << endl;//将worker2[i]整体输出
61     }
62 
63     in.close();
64 
65     system("pause");
66 };

文件存取综合实例

头文件student.h

源文件student.cpp

头文件student.h

 1 #if ! defined(STUDENT_H)
 2 #define STUDENT_H
 3 #include<iostream>
 4 #include<string>
 5 #include<iomanip>
 6 #include<vector>
 7 #include<fstream>
 8 using namespace std;
 9 
10 class student
11 {
12     string number;
13     double score;
14 public:
15     void SetNum(string s)
16     {
17         number = s;
18     }
19     void SetScore(double s)
20     {
21         score = s;
22     }
23     string GetNum()
24     {
25         return number;
26     }
27     double GetScore()
28     {
29         return score;
30     }
31     void set(vector<student>&);//输入信息并存入向量和文件中
32     void display(vector<student>&);//显示向量信息
33     void read();//读入文件内容
34 };
35 #endif

源文件student.cpp

 1 #include"student.h"
 2 //*******************************
 3 //* 成员函数:display            *
 4 //* 参      数:向量对象的引用        *
 5 //* 返 回 值:无                    *
 6 //* 功      能:输出向量信息        *
 7 //*******************************
 8 void student::display(vector<student>&c)
 9 {
10     cout << "学号" << setw(20) << "成绩" << endl;
11     for (int i = 0; i < c.size(); i++)//循环显示向量对象的信息
12     {
13         cout << c[i].GetNum() << setw(12) << c[i].GetScore() << endl;
14     }
15 }
16 //*******************************
17 //* 成员函数:set                *
18 //* 参      数:向量对象的引用        *
19 //* 返 回 值:无                    *
20 //* 功      能:为向量赋值并将        *
21 //             向量内容存入文件    *
22 //*******************************
23 void student::set(vector<student>&c)
24 {
25     student a;//定义对象a作为数据临时存储
26     string s;//定义临时存储输入学号的对象
27     double b;//定义临时存储输入成绩的对象
28     while (1)//输入数据
29     {
30         cout << "学号：";
31         cin >> s;//取得学号或者结束标志
32         if (s == "0")//结束输入并将结果存入文件
33         {
34             ofstream wst("stud.txt");//建立文件stud.txt
35             if (!wst)//文件出错处理
36             {
37                 cout << "没有正确建立文件！" << endl;
38                 return;//文件出错结束程序运行
39             }
40             for (int i = 0; i < c.size(); i++)//将向量内存存入文件
41             {
42                 wst << c[i].number << " " << c[i].score << " ";
43             }
44             wst.close();//关闭文件
45             cout << "一共写入" << c.size() << "个学生的信息。\n";
46             return;//正确存入文件后，结束程序运行
47         }
48         a.SetNum(s);//存入学号
49         cout << "成绩：";
50         cin >> b;
51         a.SetScore(b);//取得成绩
52         c.push_back(a);//将a的内容追加到向量c的尾部
53     }
54 }
55 //*******************************
56 //* 成员函数:read                *
57 //* 参      数:无                    *
58 //* 返 回 值:无                    *
59 //* 功      能:显示文件内容        *
60 //*******************************
61 void student::read()
62 {
63     string number;
64     double scroe;
65     ifstream rst("stud.txt");//打开文件stud.txt
66     if (!rst)//文件出错处理
67     {
68         cout << "文件打不开\n" << endl;
69         return;//文件出错，结束程序运行
70     }
71     cout << "学号" << setw(20) << "成绩" << endl;
72     while (1)//每次读取一条完整信息
73     {
74         rst >> number >> score;
75         if (rst.eof())//判别是否读完文件内容
76         {
77             rst.close();//读完则关闭文件
78             return;//结束程序运行
79         }
80         cout << number << setw(12) << score << endl;//显示一条信息
81     }
82 }
83 
84 void main()
85 {
86     vector<student>st;//向量st的数据类型为double
87     student stud;
88     stud.set(st);//stud调用成员函数set接受输入并建立文件
89     cout << "显示向量数组信息如下：\n";
90     stud.display(st);//显示向量内容
91     cout << "存入文件内的信息如下：" << endl;
92     stud.read();//stud调用read读出文件内容
93 
94     system("pause");
95 }