The Computer for the 21st Century
by Mark Weiser
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The most profound(深厚的,意义深远的) technologies are those that disappear. They weave(编制,纺织) themselves into the fabric (面料,织物)of everyday life until they are indistinguishable(不易察觉的) from it.
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最具有深远意义的技术是那些消失在我们视野里的技术。他们将自己融入日常生活中以至于不易被察觉
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Consider writing, perhaps the first information technology: The ability to capture(抓获捕获) a symbolic(象征的,符号的) representation(表示,表现) of spoken language for long-term storage freed information from the limits of individual memory.
对于长句,要会断句 -
说到书写,它可能是第一种信息技术:书写是这样的一种能力。捕捉口语的符号表示,以便长期存储的,进而将信息从个人记忆的限制中解放出来。
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a symbolic representation of spoken language 口语的符号表示
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freed information from the limits of individual memory 从 。限制中解放出来
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Today this technology is ubiquitous(普遍存在的,无处不在的) in industrialized countries. Not only do books, magazines and newspapers convey(传达,表达) written information, but so do street signs, billboards(广告牌), shop signs and even graffiti(墙画). Candy wrappers(包装纸) are covered in writing.
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今天,在一些工业国里,这项技术无处不在。不仅仅是书,杂志和报纸用于传递文字的信息,路标,广告牌,商标甚至墙画也是如此。糖果包装纸都写满了纸
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Be covered in 用什么包裹覆盖
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The constant(不变的,恒定的) background presence of these products of “literacy technology” does not require active attention, but the information to be conveyed is ready for use at a glance. It is difficult to imagine modern life otherwise.
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这些识字科技的产物,总是以恒定的背景出现,这些背景并不会吸引任何特别的注意,但是只要看一眼,他们传递的信息就会被使用。否则的话,很难想象现在的生活是什么样。
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Silicon-based information technology, in contrast, is far from having become part of the environment. More than 50 million personal computers have been sold, and nonetheless(adv. 尽管如此,但是) the computer remains largely in a world of its own.
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相反的,以硅为基础的信息科技,远没有成为我们生活的一部分。超过五千万台电脑已经被卖了,尽管如此,电脑仍旧仅仅只存在它自身的世界中
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It is approachable only through complex jargon that has nothing to do with the tasks for which people actually use computers. The state of the art is perhaps analogous(类似的) to the period when scribes had to know as much about making ink or baking clay as they did about writing.
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complex jargon 复杂的指令
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scribe 抄写员
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对于那些真正使用电脑的人来说,只有通过那些复杂的指令集才能操控电脑,而这些指令集和人物本身没有任何的关系。在历史上的某段时期当前的艺术形式十分相似。在这个时期一个抄写员在书写之前,必须知道如何制作墨水烘焙陶土。
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在不改变逻辑的情况下,可以适当的改变翻译顺序
- The arcane(神秘的;晦涩难解的;秘传的) aura( 光环;气氛;(中风等的)预兆;气味) that surrounds personal computers is not just a “user interface” problem. My colleagues and I at PARC think that the idea of a “personal” computer itself is misplaced, and that the vision of laptop machines, dynabooks(电子书) and “knowledge navigators” is only a transitional(adj. 变迁的;过渡期的) step toward achieving the real potential of information technology.
英 | 中 |
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the arcane aura | 神秘的光环 |
achieve the real potential of information technology | 实现信息科技的真正潜力 |
user interface | 用户界面 |
- 个人计算机的晦涩难懂的光环,不仅仅是用户界面的问题。我和我在PARC的同事认为:个人电脑的概念本身就是错位的。笔记本,电子书和知识导航器的形式都仅仅只是实现信息技术真正潜力的一个过渡期。
- Such machines cannot truly make computing an integral(n. 积分;部分;完整,) invisible(adj无形的,看不见的,暗藏的) part of the way people live their lives. Therefore we are trying to conceive(怀孕;构思;以为;持有) a new way of thinking about computers in the world, one that takes into account the natural human environment and allows the computers themselves to vanish(vi. 消失;突然不见;成为零) into the background.
英 | 中 |
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take sth into account | 考虑某事 |
vanish into the background | 消失在背景中 |
make computing an integral and invisible part of | 使计算成为人的生活的一部分 |
conceive a new way of thinking | 构思出一种新的思考方式 |
- 这种机器事实上并不能真正使得计算成为人们生活中不可见的部分。因此,在全世界范围内我们正在尝试去构思一种新的方式,去思考电脑。其中一种是考虑到了人类生活的自然环境,进而允许电脑消失融入到背景中。
- 意译的同时不要忘记,不要忘记一些重点的关键词,比如地点和时间等
- Such a disappearance is a fundamental consequence not of technology, but of human psychology(心理学,心理状态). Whenever people learn something sufficiently well, they cease(vi. 停止;终了) to be aware of it. When you look at a street sign, for example, you absorb its information without consciously performing the act of reading.
英 | 中 |
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fundamental consequence | 基本结果 |
cease to do sth | 停止做某事 |
perform the act of reading | 阅读 |
- 这种消失是最终结果,并不是技术上的消失,而是心理上的消失。任何时候,一旦人们学习某个事物,学地足够充分和熟练的时候,他们就会开始停止(不在)意识到它。打个比方,当你看着街道上的标牌,你会自然而然地获取其中的信息而不会有意识地去读它
- 不能太死板,因为的某些词组你能理解,但是要用简洁的中文表达出来
11/4
Computer scientist, economist, and Nobelist Herb Simon calls this phenomenon “compiling”; philosopher Michael Polanyi calls it the “tacit (adj,缄默的,不言而喻的,心照不宣的)dimension”; psychologist TK Gibson calls it “visual invariants(不变的,时不变)”; philosophers Georg Gadamer and Martin Heidegger call it “the horizon(地平线,视野)” and the “ready-to-hand(准备好方便的)”, John Seely Brown at PARC calls it the “periphery(n 外围,外缘)”. All say, in essence(本质上,实质上), that only when things disappear in this way are we freed to use them without thinking and so to focus beyond them on new goals.
中文 | 英文 |
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tacit dimension | 默契维度 |
visual invariants | 视觉不变量 |
in essence | 本质上 |
all say | 众说纷纭 |
focus beyond them on new goals | 关注超越他们的新目标 |
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计算机科学家,经济学家 诺贝尔奖获得者哈勃·西蒙森称这种现象为“编译”,哲学家米歇尔·珀蓝衣称之为“默契维度”,心理学家TK·加德玛称之为“视觉不变性”,哲学家乔治 加德玛称之为“视野”和“上手即用”。PARC的约翰·雪梨·布朗称之为“外围”,总的说,在本质上,只有当事物以这种形式消失时,我们才能挥洒自如地使用他们,并且将地目标放在超越他们得新目标上
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常用的一个结构 “列举大量的说法,all say(众说纷纭) ,in essence(本质上)”
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only when 倒装句,只有当。。。的时候,才
- The idea of integrating computers seamlessly(无缝链接地) into the world at large runs counter(计数器,元件) to a number of present-day(现代地,当今地) trends. “Ubiquitous(普遍存在的,无处不在的) computing” in this context does not just mean computers that can be carried to the beach, jungle or airport. Even the most powerful notebook computer, with access to a worldwide information network, still focuses attention on a single box.
中文 | 英文 |
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at large | 详尽的 |
run counters to | 违背 |
ubiquitous computing | 普适计算 |
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这种将的计算机天衣无缝的大量融入世界的想法,是和当今大多数的趋势相违背的。本文中“普适计算”不仅仅意味着计算机能被带到沙滩上,丛林里或者机场里。即使能连接的互联网的最强大的电脑,也仍旧集中注意力于这个小盒子。
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run counters to 违背地例句
- this course is actually going to run counter to that historical tendency
- 这门课实际上与历史上地趋势背道而驰
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The idea of integrating computers seamlessly(无缝链接地) into the world at large
- 最好翻译成:这种。。。的想法,然后再接相关的动词
By analogy to writing, carrying a super-laptop is like owning just one very important book. Customizing(定做,按照客户要求去做) this book, even writing millions of other books, does not begin to capture the real power of literacy. Furthermore, although ubiquitous computers may employ sound and video in addition to text and graphics, that does not make them “multimedia computers.” Today’s multimedia machine makes the computer screen into a demanding focus of attention rather than allowing it to fade into the background.
中文 | 英文 |
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by analogy to | 与什么相类似 |
a focus of attention | 注意力的焦点 |
- 大致含义:今天的电脑会吸引更多的注意力,而不是称为普普通通的一件十五
- 与书写相类似,带一台超级笔记本就像拥有一本很重要的书籍。定做这本书,甚至写了上百万本书(错的:其中的内容包含了上万本书),并没有的抓住书写(识字)的真正的力量。进一步说,即使普适计算机除了文本和图片,可能搭载了视频和图片,但那并没有使他们成为多媒体计算机。今天的多媒体机器使得计算机屏幕吸引了很多人的注意力,而不是淡化进入背景中
- 理解逻辑,按照逻辑去翻译
11/5
- How do technologies disappear into the background? The vanishing of electric motors may serve as an instructive(有益的,教育性的) example: At the turn of the century, a typical workshop(车间,工厂) or factory contained a single engine that drove dozens or hundreds of different machines through a system of shafts (连动杆)and pulleys(皮带). Cheap, small, efficient electric motors made it possible first to give each machine or tool its own source of motive force, then to put many motors into a single machine.
中文 | 英文 |
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at the turn of the century | 在世纪之交 |
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技术是如何消失融入背景中的?电动机的消失也许可以做一个具有教育意义的样例:在世纪之交,每一个典型的车间或者工厂都有的一个的单独的机器,它通过的连动杆或者皮带来驱动的大量的不同的机器。便宜,小巧,有效的电动机使得每个机器或者工具有自己的驱动成为可能,进而将许多马达放入到其中一个机器中
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A glance through the shop manual of a typical automobile(汽车!不是自动化设备), for example, reveals twenty-two motors and twenty-five more solenoids(螺线管). They start the engine, clean the windshield(挡风玻璃), lock and unlock the doors, and so on. By paying careful attention it might be possible to know whenever one activated a motor, but there would be no point to it.
中文 | 英文 |
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the shop manual | 用户手册 |
activate a motor | 驱动马达 |
there is no point to sth | 某事没有任何意义 |
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例如,你只需要看一点常规汽车的用户手册,就能辨识除22个发动机,和25个螺线管。他们打开挡风玻璃,控制车门的开关,等等。只需要留意一下,还是有可能知道什么时候车又驱动了一个马达,但这都是没有意义的(这个东西是不是有由马达驱动的,即使他们没有任何的证据)
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The technology required for ubiquitous computing comes in three parts: cheap, low-power computers that include equally convenient displays(显示屏), a network that ties them all together, and software systems implementing ubiquitous applications. Current trends suggest that the first requirement will easily be met. Flat-panel displays containing 640x480 black-and-white pixels are now common. This is the standard size for PC’s and is also about right for television.
中文 | 英文 |
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implement ubiquitious applications | 运行常规的应用 |
meet one’s requirement | 满足某人的需求 |
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普遍的计算主要在以下三个方面需要技术:便宜又低耗电并有与之配套的方方便的显示屏的电脑,能将他们连接起来的网络,能运行几乎任何的应用的软件系统。而今的趋势表明,第一个需求可以被轻松的实现。能够显示640*480黑白像素的平面显示屏已经很常见了。这个是PC的标准,恰巧也是电视机的标准
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As long as laptop of picture elements should be no worse than on a standard computer screen, about 80 per inch. Maintaining a density(密度) of 80 pixels per inch over an area several feet on a side implies displaying tens of millions of pixels. The biggest computer screen made today has only about one fourth this capacity. Such large displays will probably be expensive, but they should certainly be available.
中文 | 英文 |
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hvae oone fourth the capacity | 有他四分之一的能力 |
as long as | 只要 |
no worse than | 和。。。一样 |
maintain a density of | 保持什么样的密度 |
an area several feet on a side | 边长几英尺的一块区域 |
- 只要图片元素的笔记本和标准的电脑屏幕的图元一样,大约每英寸有80。在几英尺的屏幕上保持每英寸80像素点意味着要显示上百万的像素点。今天能够生产的最大的电脑屏幕仅仅只有其四分之一的性能。展示如此多的像素可能会昂贵,但是这一定是可以实现的。
- Central-processing unit speeds, meanwhile, reached a million instructions(指令) per second in 1986 and continue to double each year. Some industry observers believe that this exponential(指数级增长) growth in raw chip(芯片) speed may begin to level off about 1994, but that other measures of performance, including power consumption and auxiliary functions, will still improve. The 100-gram flat-panel display, then, might be driven by a single microprocessor chip that executes a billion operations per second and contains 16 megabytes of onboard memory along with sound, video and network interfaces.
中文 | 英文 |
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the exponential growth | 指数级的增长 |
auxiliary function | 辅助功能 |
chip | 芯片 |
level off | 趋平,呈现平稳状态 |
the measures of performance | 新能的测量 |
- 与此同时,中央处理器的速度在1986年已经能够实现每秒钟一百万条指令,并且每年都在持续翻倍。一些企业观察家相信,单纯芯片的增长速度在1994年会趋于平稳,但是别的一些功能,包括能耗和辅助功能会持续改良。一台100克的平面设备只需要一块微型芯片就可以驱动,这个芯片能执行上亿条操作,能缓存16MB的声音,音频和网络接口。
11/6
- Such a processor would draw, on average, a few percent of the power required by the display. Although processors and displays should be capable of offering ubiquitous computing by the end of the decade, trends in software and network technology are more problematic. Software systems today barely take any advantage of the computer network. Trends in “distributed computing” are to make networks appear like disks, memory, or other non-networked devices, rather than to exploit the unique capabilities of physical dispersion(驱散,散步).
英文 | 中文 |
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ubiquitous conputing | 普适计算 |
draw power | 耗电 |
be capable of doing | 有能力做某事 |
distributed computing | 分布式计算 |
exploit the capabilities of | 发掘 。。 的能力 |
by the end of decades | 十年之后 |
11/6
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这个处理器,平均而言,仅仅只会消耗显示屏所需要的电力的一小部分。虽然处理器和显示屏在近十年末可能有能力提供无差别的运算,但是软件技术和网络技术发展在未来会更成为问题。今天的软件系统几乎没有利用任何计算机网络的优势(只是利用了计算机的网络优势)。分布式计算的未来,会使得网络像硬盘,内存或者别的无连接的设备一样出现,而不是发掘物理发散的独特能力。
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barely 。。。 any是否定,几乎不
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Software systems today barely take any advantage of the computer network.
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今天的软件系统几乎没有利用任何计算机网络的优势
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基本的逻辑:显示说明了相比于硬件,软件才是最大的问题,自然而然下面应该强调软件系统的问题。
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The challenges show up in the design of operating systems and window systems. Today’s operating systems, like DOS and Unix, assume(预设) a relatively fixed configuration(配置,结构,外形) of hardware and software at their core. This makes sense for both mainframes(主机,大型计算机) and personal computers, because hardware or operating system software cannot reasonably be added without shutting down the machine.
英文 | 中文 |
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mainframes and personal computers | 大型机和个人计算机 |
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这个问题的集中出现在的操作系统的和窗口系统的设计部分,今天的操作系统,像DOS和Unix,在内核中预设了一个相对固定的软件和硬件的配置(硬件和软件都是固定在核心中)。这对于大型机和个人机都是十分重要的,因为在不关机的情况下,不能合理地硬件和操作系统软件增加到核心中。
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assume 假设,预设
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relatively 相对地,相当地,比较地
11/8
- But in an embodied(补充) virtuality, local devices come and go, and depend upon the room and the people in it. New software for new devices may be needed at any time, and you’ll never be able to shut off everything in the room at once. Experimental “micro-kernel” operating systems, such as those developed by Rick Rashid at Carnegie-Mellon University and Andy Tanenbaum at Vrije University in Amsterdam, offer one solution. Future operating systems based around tiny kernels of functionality may automatically shrink and grow to fit the dynamically changing needs of ubiquitous computing.
英文 | 中文 |
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an embodied virtuality | 嵌入式虚拟 |
shut off | 关闭 |
experimental “micro-kernel” operating systems | 实验性的微内核操作系统 |
fit the dynamically changing need of ubiquitous conputing | 适应普适计算动态变化的需求 |
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但是在现实中,本地的设备都是依靠空间或者是人。你随时可能需要新的设备或者是软件,但是你永远不能立刻关掉房间里的所有机器。尚处在试验阶段的“微型内核”操作系统,提供了一种解决办法。如卡内基梅伦大学的Rick Rashid和位于阿姆斯特丹自由大学的Andy Tannenbaum开发的系统一样。未来的操作系统是以功能性的微型内核为基础的,其会自动地变化来动态的适应普适计算的变化的需求。
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A well-implemented version of ubiquitous computing could even afford better privacy protection than exists today. For example, schemes based on “digital pseudonyms” could eliminate the need to give out items of personal information that are routinely entrusted to the wires today, such as credit card number, social security number and address. My colleagues and I at PARC believe that what we call ubiquitous computing will gradually emerge as the dominant (显性的,占优势的,支配的,统治的)mode of computer access (计算机访问)over the next twenty years.
英文 | 中文 |
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afford better privacy protection | t提供更好的隐私保护 |
digital pseudonymes | 动态笔名 |
the dominant mode of computer access | 计算机的主要的访问方式 |
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普适计算一个良好的实现版本能够提供好于今天现存的任何的系统的隐私保护功能。比如,以动态笔名为基础的模式,针对客户已经新人的线路,能够省略客户输入,像信用卡卡号,社保安全号进而地址等,个人信息的操作。我的同事和我相信,我们称之为普适计算的的事物,在未来20年后,一定会逐渐成为计算机访问的主要方式。
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Like the personal computer, ubiquitous computing will enable nothing fundamentally new, but by making everything faster and easier to do, with less strain and mental gymnastics(头脑活动), it will transform what is apparently possible. Desktop publishing, for example, is fundamentally not different from computer typesetting, which dates back to the mid 1960’s at least. But ease of use makes an enormous difference.Sociologically, ubiquitous computing may mean the decline of the computer addict. In the 1910’s and 1920’s many people “hacked” on crystal sets(晶体管收音机) to take advantage of the new high tech world of radio. Now crystal-and-cat’s whisker(晶须) receivers are rare, because radios are ubiquitous. In addition, embodied virtuality will bring computers to the presidents of industries and countries for nearly the first time. Computer access will penetrate all groups in society.
英文 | 中文 |
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the ease of the use | 易用性 |
crystal sets | 晶体管收音机 |
enable nothing new fundementally | 本质上并没有任何的创新 |
desktop publishing | 桌面印刷 |
computer typesetting | 计算机排版 |
bring computers to the presidents of the industries | 是计算机成为工业化的主导 |
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就像个人电脑,普适计算本质上并没有任何的创新(错误的:并没有创建某些基础新事物),而是是一切能使用更少体力和脑力劳动,更快更容易去完成,他将改变表面上所有可能的事情(错误的:转变现在那些看上去可能的)。比如,可以追溯到1960年中期的桌面印刷,在本质上没有不同于计算机排版。(错误:比如桌面输入,和电脑用键盘输入差不多,这能追溯到十九世纪六十年代中期。)但是易用性造成了大量的变化。从社会学来说(在社会上),普适计算可能意味着计算机瘾的下降。在1910年到1920年之间,许多人利用无线电领域的高新技术,黑掉晶体无线电接收机(错误:人们沉迷于晶体管收音机,只是因为录音机显得很高科技。)现在,晶体管收音机都很少见,因为录音机已经变得随处可见了。除此之外,嵌入式虚拟,几乎第第一次是计算机成为工业化和城市的主导。接入计算机的方式将会渗透到社会的各个群体。
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fundamentally 常翻译成本质上的
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sociallogically 社会学上
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基本的逻辑:本质没有发生变化,只是变得更加容易使用了,所以举了一个版面印刷和键盘输入的例子。就是为了证明这个道理。
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Most important, ubiquitous computers will help overcome the problem of information overload. There is more information available at our fingertips during a walk in the woods than in any computer system, yet people find a walk among trees relaxing and computers frustrating(令人沮丧的). Machines that fit the human environment, instead of forcing humans to enter theirs, will make using a computer as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.
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最重要的是,普适计算将帮助克服信息过载的问题。比起任何电脑系统获得的信息,我们在林间散步的那一小段时间指尖获得的信息可能会更多。然后人们发现林间散步的放松和计算机的沮丧。机器会适应人类的环境,而不是强迫人们进入计算机,这将使得使用计算机就像在林中散步一样焕然一新,轻松。
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最主要的逻辑:信息过载问题,那么林中散步和信息过载问题有什么关系?这逻辑真的很。。。
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在林中散步时人的指尖能获得比任何计算机还多的信息。与此同时人还是快乐的,但是计算机已经完蛋了,不高兴了。对比一下,说明计算机的信息过载问题。所以说,机器适应我们,就像指尖接受了那么多的信息不会崩溃一样。于是乎,使用计算机就像在林间散步一样!
- 外国人的逻辑真的是跟中国人不一样,最后那一段比喻,就让我想了半天。在理解原文的基础上,去翻译反而会相会的比较快,而且一般比较准确。
- 做我想做的事,不在进行自我内在消耗了,有些课水过去就行了,不纠结。老师讲的水,那就自己看,不抱怨。那么多负面情绪,自己消耗自己。还没开始许学习,就把自己整累了,何必?