前端开发——JavaScript简介
本文主要讲解JavaScript的一些基础知识,如:变量,数据结构,循环,控制,集合等。后续还会有介绍函数,面向对象,JQuery,node.js等的内容。
由于篇幅原因,所以写的并不深入,大概只适合有一定编程语言基础,但又懒得花费大把时间挨条查文档的人看。
历史来源
网景
在上个世纪的1995年,当时的网景公司正凭借其Navigator浏览器成为Web时代开启时最著名的第一代互联网公司。由于网景公司希望能在静态HTML页面上添加一些动态效果,于是叫Brendan Eich这哥们在两周之内设计出了JavaScript语言。你没看错,这哥们只用了10天时间。
为什么起名叫JavaScript?原因是当时Java语言非常红火,所以网景公司希望借Java的名气来推广,但事实上JavaScript除了语法上有点像Java,其他部分基本上没啥关系。
ECMAScript
因为网景开发了JavaScript,一年后微软又模仿JavaScript开发了JScript,为了让JavaScript成为全球标准,几个公司联合ECMA(European Computer Manufacturers Association)组织定制了JavaScript语言的标准,被称为ECMAScript标准。所以简单说来就是,ECMAScript是一种语言标准,而JavaScript是网景公司对ECMAScript标准的一种实现。
那为什么不直接把JavaScript定为标准呢?因为JavaScript是网景的注册商标。不过大多数时候,我们还是用JavaScript这个词。如果你遇到ECMAScript这个词,简单把它替换为JavaScript就行了。
ECMAScript 6
最新版ECMAScript 6标准(简称ES6)已经在2015年6月正式发布了,一般,讲到JavaScript的版本,实际上就是说它实现了ECMAScript标准的哪个版本。
由于浏览器在发布时就确定了JavaScript的版本,加上很多用户还在使用IE6这种古老的浏览器,这就导致你在写JavaScript的时候,要照顾一下老用户,不能一上来就用最新的ES6标准写,否则,老用户的浏览器是无法运行新版本的JavaScript代码的。
语法
语句和代码块
JavaScript的语法和C语言一样,每个语句以;
结束,代码块用{...}
包围。但是,JavaScript并不强制要求在每个语句的结尾加;
,浏览器中负责执行JavaScript代码的引擎会自动在每个语句的结尾补上;
,但是有的时候自动补全会产生一些灵异事件,所以我们一般都严格在每个语句后面加上;
。
缩进
虽然,缩进并不是语法必须要求的,我们看有些代码写的乱七八糟的,依然能运行。但是,代码量大、逻辑嵌套复杂到一定程度,这些代码就变得非常难以解读。所以我们也严格按照每一个代码块{...}
里的内容,前面都加上4个空格的缩进。
注释
注释是个开发人员阅读的,解析引擎会自动无视这些内容。
JavaScript的缩进有两种,一种是单行注释,以//
开头,后面的内容都为注释。另外一种是块注释 /*...*/
,中间的内容都为注释。
大小写
JavaScript和C语言,是区分大小写的,编码过程中经常会遇到某个字母大小写错误引起的Bug,需要非常注意。
变量
声明及赋值
JavaScript声明变量的时候,只需要用var
后面加上变量名即可。变量名可以由字母,数字,_
,$
来组合,并且不能以数字开头,此外,变量名也不能是关键字。赋值用=
来表示。
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> abc = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Hello, world'</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
此外,由于JavaScript是弱类型语言,所以,可以给变量赋不同类型的值。
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> abc = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Hello, world'</span>; abc = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>; </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
数据类型
数值型
JavaScript的数值没有区分整形,单、双精度浮点型等,只有一个数值型。比较特殊的是还有一个非数值和一个无限大,分别用NaN
或者Infinity
表示。
布尔型
JavaScript的布尔型用true
,false
表示真和假。需要注意只能是小写,不能大写或者大小写混合。
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> isEmpty = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//这是假</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> isLogin = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//这是真</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
空值
JavaScript的空值有null
,undefine
。实际应用中,两者并没有什么区别,大部分时候是用到前者。需要注意的是,空和0
,''
的区别,0
是一个数值,而''
表示一个长度为0的字符串。
字符串
JavaScript的字符串用''
或者""
表示。如果刚好字符串里带有"
或者'
,就需要使用转义字符\
。
<code class="hljs 1c has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"他说:\"</span>今天天气不错!\<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">""</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
此外,比如换行\n
,unicode编码\u####
都需要用到转义字符。
JavaScript的字符串可以用下标来获取字符串对应位置的字符,但是不能通过此方法赋值。字符串还有一些诸如截取,转换大小写,获取长度等等的方法,具体参考文档。
运算符
JavaScript的运算符有四则运算符,模运算符,比较运算符等。四则运算符就是我们常见的+-*/
,模运算符用于求余%
,比较运算符>
,==
,<
,>=
,===
,其中==
会转换类型比较,===
不会转换类型比较。例如:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> abc = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> num = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; alert(num==abc); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//结果是true</span> alert(num===abc);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//结果是false</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>
对象
JavaScript的对象和C语言的结构体类似,是描述同一个东西的数据集合,但是相对更灵活。
<code class="hljs applescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">var laomao = { <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span> : <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"老猫是吧"</span>, age : <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span>, isMan : <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>, money : <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>, }; alert(laomao.<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>
分支
JavaScript的分支有if
和switch
两大种,和C语言基本一致。
<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span>...<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>...结构 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> > <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>) { alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'这是真的'</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> { alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'老子才不信'</span>); }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>
<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">//<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span>...<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">elseif</span>...<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>结构 var age = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (age < <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span>) { alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'小孩'</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (age >= <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> && age < <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>) { alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'年轻人'</span>); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> { alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'老人了'</span>); }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">switch</span>...<span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">case</span>...结构 <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> code = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">404</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">switch</span> (code) { <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">404</span>: alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'页面不存在'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>; <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">200</span>: alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'服务器给响应了'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>; <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">default</span> : alert(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'网络连接失败'</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>; }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>
循环
JavaScript的循环有for
和while
两大种,和C语言基本一致。
<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//for循环计算0~99之间所有整数的和</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; for(<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> i<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;i<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span>;i<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">++</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">+</span> i; } alert(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>
<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//while循环计算0~99之间所有整数的和</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> i <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">=</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">while</span>(i <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span> <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">+=</span> i; i<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">++</span>; } alert(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">sum</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>
容器
JavaScript的容器有数组,字典,集合,其中字典和集合需要支持ES6标准的浏览器才能使用,否则会出现ReferenceError错误。
数组
array,数组是一个通过下标管理元素的集合,JavaScript的数组可以同时存放不同类型的数据。可以通过[]
或者Array()
来创建数组。
<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ab"</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>); <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> arr2 = [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ab"</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">123</span>,<span class="hljs-literal" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">NaN</span>]; alert(arr); alert(arr2);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>
字典
map,字典是一个通过键值对(key-value)管理元素的集合,对字典里的数据进行管理都是通过key来操作,所以一个字典里key不会相同。
<code class="hljs actionscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> myDic = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Map(); myDic.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'name'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'laomao'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建一个字典</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> dic = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Map([[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'city'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'xm'</span>],[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'id'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'0592'</span>],[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'human'</span>,myDic]]); dic.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'address'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'观日路'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//增加一个键值对</span> dic.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'city'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取键为ciyt的值</span> dic.has(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'address'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//判断是否有键为address的数据</span> dic.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'id'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//删除键为id的数据</span> alert(dic.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'human'</span>).<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'name'</span>));</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>
集合
set,集合,是一个无序的容器,因为无序,所以也不会有重复的元素。
<code class="hljs oxygene has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//创建集合set,包括2个元素999和888</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> mySet = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Set</span>([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">999</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">888</span>]); mySet.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">add</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hello'</span>); mySet.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">add</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'world'</span>); mySet.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">add</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">123</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//增加元素123</span> alert(mySet.size); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//获取mySet的个数</span> mySet.delete(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">123</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//删除元素123</span> alert(mySet.size); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//遍历mySet的所有元素</span> mySet.forEach(<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span> <span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(value)</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">{ alert(value); }</span>);</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>
以上内容有部分参考自:
https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set