数据结构之栈的应用 -- 括号匹配（C语言）

一、栈的定义

栈作为一种数据结构 ，是一种只能在一端进行插入和删除操作的特殊线性表 。它按照先进后出的原则存储数据，先进入的数据被压入栈底，最后的数据在栈顶，需要读数据的时候从栈顶开始弹出数据（最后一个数据被第一个读出来）。

二、代码功能

1、定义栈

2、栈的初始化

3、输出栈

4、放入元素

5、删除元素

6、测试放入和删除元素

7、判断括号匹配

8、测试括号匹配

9、代码入口

10、运行结果

三、栈——括号匹配的代码

1、定义栈

typedef struct CharStack {
    int top;

    int data[STACK_MAX_SIZE]; //The maximum length is fixed.
} *CharStackPtr;

2、栈的初始化

CharStackPtr charStackInit()
{
	CharStackPtr resultPtr = (CharStackPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct CharStack));
	resultPtr->top = -1;
}

3、输出栈

void outputStack(CharStackPtr paraStack)
{
	for(int i = 0; i <= paraStack->top; i ++)
	{
		printf("%c ", paraStack->data[i]);
	}
	printf("\r\n");
}

4、放入元素

void push(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr, int paraValue) 
{
    // Step 1. Space check.
    if (paraStackPtr->top >= STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1) {
        printf("Cannot push element: stack full.\r\n");
        return;
    }//Of if

    // Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top ++;

	// Step 3. Push element.
    paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top] = paraValue;
}

5、删除元素

char pop(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr) 
{
    // Step 1. Space check.
    if (paraStackPtr->top < 0)
	{
        printf("Cannot pop element: stack empty.\r\n");
        return '\0';
    }//Of if

    // Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top --;

	// Step 3. Push element.
    return paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top + 1];
}

 

 

6、测试放入和删除元素

void pushPopTest() 
{
	char ch;
    printf("---- pushPopTest begins. ----\r\n");

	// Initialize.
    CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
    printf("After initialization, the stack is: ");
	outputStack(tempStack);

	// Pop.
	for (ch = 'a'; ch < 'm'; ch ++) 
	{
		printf("Pushing %c.\r\n", ch);
		push(tempStack, ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

	// Pop.
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++) 
	{
		ch = pop(tempStack);
		printf("Pop %c.\r\n", ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

    printf("---- pushPopTest ends. ----\r\n");
}

7、判断括号匹配

bool bracketMatching(char* paraString, int paraLength) 
{
	// Step 1. Initialize the stack through pushing a '#' at the bottom.
    CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
	push(tempStack, '#');
	char tempChar, tempPopedChar;

	// Step 2. Process the string.
	for (int i = 0; i < paraLength; i++) 
	{
		tempChar = paraString[i];

		switch (tempChar) 
		{
		case '(':
		case '[':
		case '{':
			push(tempStack, tempChar);
			break;
		case ')':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '(') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case ']':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '[') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case '}':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '{') {
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		default:
			// Do nothing.
			break;
		}// Of switch
	} // Of for i

	tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
	if (tempPopedChar != '#') 
	{
		return true;
	} // Of if

	return true;
}

8、测试括号匹配

void bracketMatchingTest() 
{
	char* tempExpression = "[2 + (1 - 3)] * 4";
	bool tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 17);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = "( )  )";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "()()(())";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 8);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "({}[])";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = ")(";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 2);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);
}

9、代码入口

int main() 
{
	pushPopTest();
	bracketMatchingTest();
}

10、运行结果

---- pushPopTest begins. ----
After initialization, the stack is:
Pushing a.
a
Pushing b.
a b
Pushing c.
a b c
Pushing d.
a b c d
Pushing e.
a b c d e
Pushing f.
a b c d e f
Pushing g.
a b c d e f g
Pushing h.
a b c d e f g h
Pushing i.
a b c d e f g h i
Pushing j.
a b c d e f g h i j
Pushing k.
Cannot push element: stack full.
a b c d e f g h i j
Pushing l.
Cannot push element: stack full.
a b c d e f g h i j
Pop j.
a b c d e f g h i
Pop i.
a b c d e f g h
Pop h.
a b c d e f g
---- pushPopTest ends. ----
Is the expression '[2 + (1 - 3)] * 4' bracket matching? 1
Is the expression '( )  )' bracket matching? 0
Is the expression '()()(())' bracket matching? 1
Is the expression '({}[])' bracket matching? 1
Is the expression ')(' bracket matching? 0

四、整体代码

#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>

#define STACK_MAX_SIZE 10

/**
 * Linear stack of integers. The key is data.
 */
typedef struct CharStack 
{
    int top;

    int data[STACK_MAX_SIZE]; 
} *CharStackPtr;

/**
 * Output the stack.
 */
void outputStack(CharStackPtr paraStack) 
{
    for (int i = 0; i <= paraStack->top; i ++) 
	{
        printf("%c ", paraStack->data[i]);
    }// Of for i
    printf("\r\n");
}// Of outputStack

/**
 * Initialize an empty char stack. No error checking for this function.
 * @param paraStackPtr The pointer to the stack. It must be a pointer to change the stack.
 * @param paraValues An int array storing all elements.
 */
CharStackPtr charStackInit() 
{
	CharStackPtr resultPtr = (CharStackPtr)malloc(sizeof(struct CharStack));
	resultPtr->top = -1;

	return resultPtr;
}//Of charStackInit

/**
 * Push an element to the stack.
 * @param paraValue The value to be pushed.
 */
void push(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr, int paraValue) 
{
    // Step 1. Space check.
    if (paraStackPtr->top >= STACK_MAX_SIZE - 1) 
	{
        printf("Cannot push element: stack full.\r\n");
        return;
    }//Of if

    // Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top ++;

	// Step 3. Push element.
    paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top] = paraValue;
}// Of push

/**
 * Pop an element from the stack.
 * @return The poped value.
 */
char pop(CharStackPtr paraStackPtr) 
{
    // Step 1. Space check.
    if (paraStackPtr->top < 0) 
	{
        printf("Cannot pop element: stack empty.\r\n");
        return '\0';
    }//Of if

    // Step 2. Update the top.
	paraStackPtr->top --;

	// Step 3. Push element.
    return paraStackPtr->data[paraStackPtr->top + 1];
}// Of pop

/**
 * Test the push function.
 */
void pushPopTest() 
{
	char ch;
    printf("---- pushPopTest begins. ----\r\n");

	// Initialize.
    CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
    printf("After initialization, the stack is: ");
	outputStack(tempStack);

	// Pop.
	for (ch = 'a'; ch < 'm'; ch ++) 
	{
		printf("Pushing %c.\r\n", ch);
		push(tempStack, ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

	// Pop.
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i ++) 
	{
		ch = pop(tempStack);
		printf("Pop %c.\r\n", ch);
		outputStack(tempStack);
	}//Of for i

    printf("---- pushPopTest ends. ----\r\n");
}// Of pushPopTest

/**
 * Is the bracket matching?
 * 
 * @param paraString The given expression.
 * @return Match or not.
 */
bool bracketMatching(char* paraString, int paraLength) 
{
	// Step 1. Initialize the stack through pushing a '#' at the bottom.
    CharStackPtr tempStack = charStackInit();
	push(tempStack, '#');
	char tempChar, tempPopedChar;

	// Step 2. Process the string.
	for (int i = 0; i < paraLength; i++) 
	{
		tempChar = paraString[i];

		switch (tempChar) 
		{
		case '(':
		case '[':
		case '{':
			push(tempStack, tempChar);
			break;
		case ')':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '(') 
			{
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case ']':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '[') 
			{
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		case '}':
			tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
			if (tempPopedChar != '{') 
			{
				return false;
			} // Of if
			break;
		default:
			// Do nothing.
			break;
		}// Of switch
	} // Of for i

	tempPopedChar = pop(tempStack);
	if (tempPopedChar != '#') 
	{
		return true;
	} // Of if

	return true;
}// Of bracketMatching

/**
 * Unit test.
 */
void bracketMatchingTest() 
{
	char* tempExpression = "[2 + (1 - 3)] * 4";
	bool tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 17);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = "( )  )";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "()()(())";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 8);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);

	tempExpression = "({}[])";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 6);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);


	tempExpression = ")(";
	tempMatch = bracketMatching(tempExpression, 2);
	printf("Is the expression '%s' bracket matching? %d \r\n", tempExpression, tempMatch);
}// Of bracketMatchingTest

/**
 The entrance.
 */
int main() 
{
	pushPopTest();
	bracketMatchingTest();
}

五、总结

     栈主要可以利用数组的相关理念来帮助理解，其中最重要的是对栈顶的注意，该代码较核心和最难的部分就是判断括号匹配的代码。