PostGIS

为了提高DBMS对空间数据的管理能力,通常有两种解决方案:

1、关系型数据库+空间数据引擎

代表是ESRI的ArcSDE和MapInfo的SpatialWare

2、扩展对象关系数据库

代表:Oracle的Oracel Spatial、IBM的DB2 Spatial Extender

PostgreSQL是目前开源空间信息软件领域性能比较好的数据库,构建在其上的空间对象扩展模块PostGIS使其成为一个真正的大型空间数据库。

PostGIS通过向PostgreSQL添加对空间数据类型、空间索引和空间函数的支持,将PostgreSQL数据库管理系统转换为空间数据库。

可以说PostGIS仅仅是PostgreSQL的一个插件,但是它将PostgreSQL变成一个强大的空间数据库。

空间索引和边界框(bounding box)

空间数据库提供了一个“空间索引 (spatial index)”,它回答了“哪些对象在这个特定的边界框内” 这个问题。

边框是平行于坐标轴且包含特定地理要素的最小矩阵。

索引必须快速执行才能起到理想的作用,因此,空间索引不像B树索引那样提供精确的结果,而是提供近似的结果。

“多边形内部包含哪些线段”将由空间索引解释为“这个多边形边界框内部包含哪些线段边界框?”

各种数据库实际实现的空间索引差异很大,最常见的实现是R-tree,但是其他空间数据库中也有基于四叉树和基于网格的索引 。

空间函数

空间函数中大部分可以归纳为以下五类:

(1)转换函数:在geometry和外部数据格式之间进行转换

(2)管理: 管理关于空间表和PostGIS组织的信息的函数

(3)检索:检索几何图形的属性和空间信息测量的函数

(4)比较:比较两种几何图形的空间关系的函数

(5)生成

 

Create and manage spatial data with PostGIS Key Features Import and export geographic data from the PostGIS database using the available tools Maintain, optimize, and fine-tune spatial data for long-term viability Utilize the parallel support functionality that was introduced in PostgreSQL 9.6 Book Description PostGIS is a spatial database that integrates the advanced storage and analysis of vector and raster data, and is remarkably flexible and powerful. PostGIS provides support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database and is currently the most popular open source spatial databases. If you want to explore the complete range of PostGIS techniques and expose related extensions, then this book is for you. This book is a comprehensive guide to PostGIS tools and concepts which are required to manage, manipulate, and analyze spatial data in PostGIS. It covers key spatial data manipulation tasks, explaining not only how each task is performed, but also why. It provides practical guidance allowing you to safely take advantage of the advanced technology in PostGIS in order to simplify your spatial database administration tasks. Furthermore, you will learn to take advantage of basic and advanced vector, raster, and routing approaches along with the concepts of data maintenance, optimization, and performance, and will help you to integrate these into a large ecosystem of desktop and web tools. By the end, you will be armed with all the tools and instructions you need to both manage the spatial database system and make better decisions as your project's requirements evolve. What you will learn Import and export geographic data from the PostGIS database using the available tools Structure spatial data using the functionality provided by a combination of PostgreSQL and PostGIS Work with a set of PostGIS functions to perform basic and advanced vector analyses Connect PostGIS with Python Learn to use programming frameworks around PostGIS Maintain, optimize, and fine-tune spatial data for long-term viability Explore the 3D capabilities of PostGIS, including LiDAR point clouds and point clouds derived from Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques Distribute 3D models through the Web using the X3D standard Use PostGIS to develop powerful GIS web applications using Open Geospatial Consortium web standards Master PostGIS Raster Who This Book Is For This book is for developers who need some quick solutions for PostGIS. Prior knowledge of PostgreSQL and spatial concepts would be an added advantage. Table of Contents Chapter 1. MOVING DATA IN AND OUT OF POSTGIS Chapter 2. STRUCTURES THAT WORK Chapter 3. WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA THE BASICS Chapter 4. WORKING WITH VECTOR DATA ADVANCED RECIPES Chapter 5. WORKING WITH RASTER DATA Chapter 6. WORKING WITH PGROUTING Chapter 7. Into the Nth Dimension Chapter 8. POSTGIS PROGRAMMING Chapter 9. POSTGIS AND THE WEB Chapter 10. MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION AND PERFORMANCE TUNING Chapter 11. USING DESKTOP CLIENTS Chapter 12. Introduction to Location Privacy Protection Mechanisms
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