软件构造的视图与质量指标

软件构造的实质：Transformation between different views(不同视图之间的转换)

Multi-dimensional software views

按阶段分：build and run-time views
按动态性分：moment and period views
按构造对象的层次分：code and component views

Transformation between different views

Nothing -> Code
Code -> Component
Build-time -> Run-time
Moment -> Period

5个重要的质量目标

• Easy to understand
  elegant and beautiful code (understandability)
• Ready for change
  maintainability and adaptability
• Cheap for develop
  design for/with reuse: reusability
• Safe from bugs
  robustness
• Efficient to run
  performance

软件多视图的宏观视角

构建时期(Build-time views)

AST可以认为是代码的另一种等价视图，对AST进行修改就相当于对源代码进行修改，对源代码进行修改就相当于对AST进行修改。
Semantics-oriented program structure(语义导向的程序结构)：用源代码对现实世界进行刻画，例如使用UML图描述接口、类、属性、方法及其关系。先用人类语言表达需求和设计思想，再转化成代码。
版本控制。

运行时期(Run-time views)

Executable programs：纯粹的机器语言
Cibrary：运行时库，需要链接
Configuration and data files：配置文件，提供程序运行必要的参数
Distributed programs：分布式程序，例如一台服务器+若干台客户机
两种可执行文件：编译成的机器码(Native Machine Code)；完全解释运行(Fully Interpretation)；解释型字节码(Interpreted Byte Code)
动态链接：库文件不会在build阶段被加入可执行文件，只做出标记，在程序运行时，库被按照标记装入内存。

Transformation between views

• Nothing => Code
  Programming / Coding (ADT/OOP)
  Review, static analysis/checking
• Code => Component
  Design (ADT/OOP;Reusability;Maintainability)
  Build: compile, static link, package, install, etc
• Build-time => Run-time
  Install / deploy
  Debug, unit testing (Robustness and Correctness)
• Moment => Period
  Verson control
  Loading, dynamic linking, execution (dumping, profiling, logging)
  Concurrent threads

Quality properties 质量指标

External quality factors: 外部质量因素，影响用户，如运行速度、易用性，包括correctness, robustness, extendibility, reusability, compatibility, efficiency, portability, ease of use, functionality, timeliness
Internal quality factors: 内部质量因素，影响软件本身和它的开发者，如模块化程度、代码可读性

对于发布后的软件而言，only external factors matter
且外部质量取决于内部质量，External quality results from internal quality.

External quality factors

• Correctness
  Correctness is the ability of software products to perform their exact tasks, as defined by their specification.
  Correctness is the prime quality.
  设法保证正确性：Testing and debugging; Defensive programming such as typing and assertions(通过断言在写程序的时候就保证正确性而不是在调试时发现错误); 通过形式化验证发现问题
• Robustness
  Robustness is the ability of software systems to react appropriately to abnormal conditions.
  健壮性是对正确性的补充
• Extendibility
  规模越大，扩展起来越困难
• Reusability
  一次开发，多次使用。找到软件系统中共性的部分，将它们抽取出来。
• Compatibility(兼容性)
  不同软件系统之间互相集成是否容易。软件系统都不是孤立存在的，需要和其他系统进行交互。难点：不同软件有不同的设定，例如，不同操作系统中有着互相不兼容的文件格式。解决方法：标准化。
• Efficiency
  包括时间效率和空间效率。
  Efficiency does not matter unless the software is correct.
  正确性是性能的前提。
  过度的优化可能导致软件不再适应变化和复用。
• Portability(可移植性)
  软件可方便的在不同的技术环境间移植。
• Ease of use(易用性)
  容易学、安装、操作、监控
• Functionality(功能性)
  Functionality is the extent of possibilities provided by a system.
  每增加一点点小功能，都要确保其他质量指标不受到损失。
• Timeliness(及时性)
  Timeliness is the ability of a software system to be released when or before its users want it.
  软件产品出现的太晚，可能会错过它的受众群体。
• Others: Verifiability(可验证性), Integrity(完整性), Repairability(可修复性), Economy(经济性)

Internal quality factors

• Readability
• Understandability
• Clearness
• Size

Trade off between quality properties (折中)

如果对efficiency有极致的要求，那么这将手具体机器型号的约束，软件的portability就会受影响。
经济性(economy)和reusability也有冲突。
timeliness和extendibility也有冲突。
正确性(Correctness) 绝不能与其他质量指标冲突。

Summary

描述软件系统的三个维度：
按阶段分：build-time & run-time views
按动态性分：moment & period views
按层次分：code & component views

软件构造的本质是视图之间的转化：
nothing => Code
Code => Component
Build-time => Run-time
Moment => Period

质量指标：
external & internal quality factors
important external quality factors
tradeoff

五个质量目标：
easy to understand
ready for change
cheap for develop
safe from bugs
efficient to run