考研数一|导数的计算(笔记)V2

导数的计算
基本概念
求导公式
14个求导公式
$$1.{\left(C\right)}^{\prime }=0$$
$$2.{\left(x^a\right)}^{\prime }=a{x}^{a-1}$$
$$3.{\left(e^x\right)}^{\prime }=e^x$$
$$4.{\left(\ln x\right)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{x}$$
$$5.\begin{array}{c}(\sin x{)}^{\prime }=\cos x\\ 正弦的导数等于余弦\end{array}$$
$$6.\begin{array}{c}(\cos x{)}^{\prime }=-\sin x\\ 余弦的导数等于负的正弦\end{array}$$
$$7.\begin{array}{c}(\tan x{)}^{\prime }={\sec }^{2}x\\ 正切的导数等于正割的平方\end{array}$$
$$8.\begin{array}{c}(\cot x{)}^{\prime }=-{\csc }^{2}x\\ 余切的导数等于负的余割的平方\end{array}$$
$$9.\begin{array}{c}(\sec x{)}^{\prime }=\sec x\tan x\\ 正割的导数等于正割乘正切\end{array}$$
$$10.\begin{array}{c}(\csc x{)}^{\prime }=-\csc x\cot x\\ 余割的导数负的余割乘余切\end{array}$$
$$11.(\arctan x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{1+x^2}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}\tan a=x\\ arc\tan x=a\\ (\arctan x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1^2}{(\sqrt{1+x^2}{)}^2}=\frac{1}{1+x^2}\end{array}$$

$$12.(arccotx{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{1+x^2}$$
$$13.(\arcsin x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$
$$14.(\arccos x{)}^{\prime }=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$
$$15.(a^x{)}^{\prime }=a^x\cdot \ln a$$
$$16.({\log }_a^x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{x\ln a}$$
公式要求
1. 记忆
2. 推导
1. 基本求导公式 用极限推导
2. 拓展求导公式 用求导法则推导
3. 倒背如流 为求积分服务

	(常)'=0
	(幂)'=幂
	(指)'=指
	(对)'=幂
	(三角)'=三角
	(反三角)'=幂

求导法则
所有的函数都能由基本的初等函数通过三种运算法则泛化而成
四则运算法则

设函数$f(x)$与$g(x)$均可导，则
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推导公式
$$1.\begin{array}{c}(\tan x{)}^{\prime }={\left(\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\right)}^{\prime }=\frac{(\sin x{)}^{\prime }\cos x-\sin x(\cos x{)}^{\prime }}{{\cos }^{2}x}\\ =\frac{\cos x\cdot \cos x-\sin x\cdot (-\sin x)}{\cos x\cdot \cos x}\\ =\frac{{\cos }^{2}x+{\sin }^{2}x}{{\cos }^{2}x}=\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}={\sec }^{2}x\end{array}$$
$$2.\begin{array}{c}(\cot x{)}^{\prime }={\left(\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\right)}^{\prime }=\frac{(\cos x{)}^{\prime }\sin x-\cos x(\sin x{)}^{\prime }}{{\sin }^{2}x}\\ =\frac{-\sin x\cdot \sin x-\cos x\cdot (\cos x)}{\sin x\cdot \sin x}\\ =\frac{-{\sin }^{2}x-{\cos }^{2}x}{{\sin }^{2}x}=-\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}x}=-{\csc }^{2}x\end{array}$$
$$3.\begin{array}{c}(\sec x{)}^{\prime }={\left(\frac{1}{\cos x}\right)}^{\prime }=\frac{(1{)}^{\prime }\cdot \cos x-1\cdot (\cos x{)}^{\prime }}{{\cos }^{2}x}\\ =\frac{0\cdot \cos x-1\cdot (-\sin x)}{\cos x\cdot \cos x}\\ =\frac{\sin x}{{\cos }^{2}x}=\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}\frac{1}{\cos x}=\sec x\cdot \tan x\end{array}$$
$$4.\begin{array}{c}(\csc x{)}^{\prime }={\left(\frac{1}{\sin x}\right)}^{\prime }=\frac{(1{)}^{\prime }\cdot \sin x-1\cdot (\sin x{)}^{\prime }}{{\sin }^{2}x}\\ =\frac{0\cdot \sin x-1\cdot (\cos x)}{\sin x\cdot \sin x}\\ =\frac{-\cos x}{{\sin }^{2}x}=-\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}\frac{1}{\sin x}=-\csc x\cdot \cot x\end{array}$$

复合函数求导法则
定理：设$y=f(u),u=g(x)$ ，如果$g(x)$在$x$处可导，且$f(u)$在对应的$u=g(x)$处可导，则复合函数$y=f(g(x))$在$x$处可导，且有：
$$[f(g(x)){]}^{\prime }=f^{\prime }(g(x))g^{\prime }(x)或\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{du}\frac{du}{dx}$$

分层
分层的依据是能出现在16个求导公式当中
外层求导内层不动，内层求导内内层不动，直至最内一层(16个中1个)

推导公式
$$e^{\ln f(x)}=f(x)$$
$$\ln a+\ln b=\ln ab$$
$$k\ln a=\ln a^k$$
$$(a^x{)}^{\prime }=(e^{x\ln a}{)}^{\prime }=e^{x\ln a}\cdot (x\ln a{)}^{\prime }=e^{x\ln a}\cdot \ln a=a^x\cdot \ln a$$
例1
$$f(x)=\ln (x+\sqrt{1+x^2})$$
$$f^{\prime }(x)=\frac{(x+\sqrt{1+x^2}{)}^{\prime }}{x+\sqrt{1+x^2}}=\frac{1+\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}}{x+\sqrt{1+x^2}}=\frac{\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}+x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}}{x+\sqrt{1+x^2}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}(\sqrt{1+x^2}{)}^{\prime }=((1+x^2{)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{2}(1+x^2{)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\cdot (1+x^2{)}^{\prime }\\ =\frac{1}{2}(1+x^2{)}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\cdot 2x=\frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\end{array}$$
例2
$$f(x)=\ln (\csc x-\cot x)(0<x<\frac{\pi }{2})$$
$$\begin{array}{c}{f}^{\prime }(x)=\frac{(\csc x-\cot x{)}^{\prime }}{\csc x-\cot x}=\frac{-\csc x\cot x-(-{\csc }^{2}x)}{\csc x-\cot x}\\ =\frac{\csc x(-\cot x+\csc x)}{\csc x-\cot x}=\csc x\end{array}$$
例3
$$f(x)=\ln (\sec x-\tan x)(0<x<\frac{\pi }{2})$$
$$\begin{array}{c}{f}^{\prime }(x)=\frac{(\sec x-\tan x{)}^{\prime }}{\sec x-\tan x}=\frac{-\sec x\tan x-(-{\sec }^{2}x)}{\sec x-\tan x}\\ =\frac{\sec x(-\tan x+\sec x)}{\sec x-\tan x}=\sec x\end{array}$$

反函数求导法则
取倒数
定理：设函数$f(x)$可导且$f^{\prime }(x)\ne 0$，其反函数为$x=f^{-1}(y)$，则
$$(f^{-1}(y){)}^{\prime }=\frac{dx}{dy}=\frac{1}{\frac{dy}{dx}}=\frac{1}{f^{\prime }(x)}=\frac{1}{f^{\prime }(f^{-1}(y))}$$

推导公式
$$\begin{array}{c}(\arcsin x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{(\sin y{)}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{\cos y}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ y=\arcsin x原函数:x=\sin y\\ \cos y=\sqrt{1-{\sin }^{2}y}=\sqrt{1-x^2}\\ (\arccos x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{(\cos y{)}^{\prime }}=-\frac{1}{\sin y}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ y=\arccos x原函数:x=\cos y\\ \sin y=\sqrt{1-{\cos }^{2}y}=\sqrt{1-x^2}\\ (\arctan x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{(\tan y{)}^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{{\sec }^{2}y}=\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ y=\arctan x原函数:x=\tan y\\ {\sec }^{2}y=1+{\tan }^{2}y=1+x^2\\ (\mathrm{arccot}x{)}^{\prime }=\frac{1}{(\cot y{)}^{\prime }}=-\frac{1}{{\csc }^{2}y}=-\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ y=\mathrm{arccot}x原函数:x=\cot y\\ {\csc }^{2}y=1+{\cot }^{2}y=1+x^2\end{array}$$
常考题型

幂指函数求导
形如$f(x)=u(x{)}^{v(x)}$的函数，其中$u(x)$与$v(x)$均不为常数，称为幂指函数，对幂指函数的处理方式是进行对数恒等变形：
$$f(x)=u(x{)}^{v(x)}=e^{v(x)\ln u(x)}$$

幂函数：底数为变量，指数为常量
指数函数，底数为常量，指数为变量
幂指函数，底数为变量，指数为变量

例1
$$e^{\ln x}=x,\ln x^k=k\ln x,\ln x+\ln y=\ln xy$$
$$x^x=e^{\ln x^x}=e^{x\ln x}$$
$$(x^x{)}^{\prime }=(e^{x\ln x}{)}^{\prime }=e^{x\ln x}\cdot (\ln x+x\cdot \frac{1}{x})=x^x(\ln x+1)$$
例2
$$\begin{array}{c}f(x)=(x^x{)}^x+x^{x^x}\\ (x^x{)}^x=e^{\ln (x^x{)}^x}=e^{x\ln (x^x)}=e^{x\cdot x\ln x}=e^{x^2\ln x}\end{array}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}((x^x{)}^x{)}^{\prime }=(e^{x^2\ln x}{)}^{\prime }=e^{x^2\ln x}(2x\ln x+x^2\cdot \frac{1}{x})\\ =(x^x{)}^x\cdot x(2\ln x+1)\end{array}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}(x^{x^x}{)}^{\prime }=((x{)}^{x^x}{)}^{\prime }=(e^{\ln (x{)}^{x^x}}{)}^{\prime }=(e^{x^x\ln x}{)}^{\prime }\\ =e^{x^x\ln x}(x^x\cdot \frac{1}{x}+(x^x{)}^{\prime }\ln x)=e^{x^x\ln x}(x^x\cdot x^{-1}+\ln x\cdot x^x(\ln x+1))\\ =x^{x^x}(x^{x-1}+x^x({\ln }^{2}x+\ln x))\end{array}$$
$$f^{\prime }(x)=(x^x{)}^x\cdot x(2\ln x+1)+x^{x^x}(x^{x-1}+x^x({\ln }^{2}x+\ln x))$$

隐函数求导
设函数 $y=f(x)$ 是由方程 $F(x,y)=0$ 所确定的隐函数，要计算 $y^{\prime }$ ，则在方程 $F(x,y)=0$ 两边同时对 $x$ 求导，再解方程即可得到 $y^{\prime }$.
【注】 $y$ 要看成 $x$ 的函数 $f(x)$ ，再运用复合函数求导法则求导

例1
参数方程求导
$$\begin{array}{c}(1)参数方程的一阶导数\\ 设\{\begin{array}{c}x=x(t)\\ y=y(t)\end{array}，则\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}\cdot \frac{dt}{dx}=\frac{dy}{dt}/\frac{dx}{dt}=\frac{y^{\prime }(t)}{x^{\prime }(t)}\\ (2)参数方程的二阶导数\\ \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx})/\frac{dx}{dt}\end{array}$$
例1
$$\{\begin{array}{l}x=2{\cos }^{4}t\\ y=2{\sin }^{4}t\end{array},(0<t<\frac{\pi }{2})$$
$$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^{\prime }(t)}{x^{\prime }(t)}=\frac{(2{\sin }^{4}t{)}^{\prime }}{(2{\cos }^{4}t{)}^{\prime }}=\frac{8{\sin }^{3}t\cdot \cos t}{8{\cos }^{3}t\cdot (-\sin t)}=-{\tan }^{2}t$$
$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{d(\frac{dy}{dx})}{dx}=\frac{d(-{\tan }^{2}t)}{dx}=\frac{d(-{\tan }^{2}t)}{dt}\cdot \frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dt}}\\ =-2\tan t{\sec }^{2}t\frac{1}{8{\cos }^{3}t(-\sin t)}=\frac{1}{4{\cos }^{6}t}\end{array}$$
例2
$$\{\begin{array}{l}x={\ln }^3\sqrt{1-t^2}\\ y=\arcsin t\end{array},(0<t<1)$$
$$\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{y^{\prime }(t)}{x^{\prime }(t)}=\frac{(\arcsin t{)}^{\prime }}{({\ln }^3\sqrt{1-t^2}{)}^{\prime }}=\frac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-t^2}}}{\frac{1}{3}\frac{-2t}{1-t^2}}=-\frac{3\sqrt{1-t^2}}{2t}$$
$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=\frac{d(-\frac{3\sqrt{1-t^2}}{2t})}{dt}\frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dt}}=-\frac{3}{2}(\frac{\frac{-2t}{2\sqrt{1-t^2}}\cdot t-\sqrt{1-t^2}}{t^2})\cdot \frac{1}{\frac{1}{3}\frac{-2t}{1-t^2}}\\ =\frac{9}{4}\frac{(-t^2)\sqrt{1-t^2}-\sqrt{1-t^2}(1-t^2)}{t^3}\\ =\frac{9}{4}\sqrt{1-t^2}\frac{-1}{t^3}=-\frac{9}{4}\frac{\sqrt{1-t^2}}{t^3}\end{array}$$

抽象函数
不给出具体解析式，只给出函数的特殊条件或特征的函数即抽象函数

例1
$$y=a^{x}f(\ln x),(a>0且a\ne 1)$$
$$\begin{array}{c}\frac{dy}{dx}=a^x\cdot \ln a\cdot f(\ln x)+a^x\cdot (f(\ln x){)}^{\prime }\\ =\ln a\cdot a^x\cdot f(\ln x)+a^x\cdot f^{\prime }(\ln x)\cdot (\ln x{)}^{\prime }\\ =\ln a\cdot a^{x}f(\ln x)+a^x\cdot \frac{1}{x}{f}^{\prime }(\ln x)\end{array}$$
注
$$\begin{array}{c}f(x)=\sin x\\ f^{\prime }(x)=\cos x\\ (f(x^2){)}^{\prime }=(\sin x^2{)}^{\prime }=2x\cos x^2\\ f^{\prime }(x^2)=\cos x^2\end{array}$$
例2
$$\begin{array}{c}y=f(x+y)\\ \frac{dy}{dx}=f^{\prime }(x+y)\cdot (1+\frac{dy}{dx})=\frac{f^{\prime }(x+y)}{1-f^{\prime }(x+y)}\\ \frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=f^{\prime \prime }(x+y)\cdot (1+\frac{dy}{dx})(1+\frac{dy}{dx})+f^{\prime }(x+y)(\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2})\\ =\frac{f^{\prime \prime }(x+y)(1+\frac{dy}{dx}{)}^2}{1-f^{\prime }(x+y)}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }\frac{1}{(1-f^{\prime }{)}^2}}{1-f^{\prime }}=\frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{(1-f^{\prime }{)}^3}\end{array}$$