openGauss 数据库维护管理指导（四）

小嗑数据库

已于 2023-03-30 16:36:29 修改

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分类专栏： openGauss 文章标签：数据库

于 2022-11-17 11:09:23 首次发布

原文链接：https://www.hikunpeng.com/forum/thread-0217102754009387014-1-1.html

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3.3 通过EXPLAIN进行SQL语句优化

说明：

使用explain能显示SQL语句的执行计划;
执行计划将显示SQL语句所引用的表会采用什么样的扫描方式，如：简单的顺序扫描、索引扫描等。如果引用了多个表，执行计划还会显示用到的JOIN算法;
执行计划的最关键的部分是语句的预计执行开销，这是计划生成器估算执行该语句将花费多长的时间;
若指定了 YZE 选项，则该语句模拟执行并形成最优的执行计划（并非真正执行），然后根据实际的运行结果显示统计数据，包括每个计划节点内时间总开销（毫秒为单位）和实际返回的总行数。这对于判断计划生成器的估计是否接近现实非常有用。

步骤 1 用root用户登录装有openGauss数据库服务的操作系统然后用 su - omm命令切换至omm用户环境，登录后信息如下。

Welcome to 4.19.90-2003.4.0.0036.oe1.aarch64
System information as of time: Tue Jul 21 09:21:11 CST 2020
System load: 0.01
Processes: 109
Memory used: 6.7%
Swap used: 0.0%
Usage On: 15%
IP address: 192.168.0.96
Users online: 1
[root@ecs-e1b3 ~]# su - omm
Last login: Fri Jul 10 19:05:39 CST 2020 on pts/0
Welcome to 4.19.90-2003.4.0.0036.oe1.aarch64
System information as of time: Tue Jul 21 09:21:25 CST 2020
System load: 0.01
Processes: 111
Memory used: 7.0%
Swap used: 0.0%
Usage On: 15%
IP address: 192.168.0.96
Users online: 1
[omm@ecs-e1b3 ~]$

步骤 2 先启动数据库服务，然后使用gsql客户端以管理员用户身份连接postgres数据库，假设端口号为26000。
启动数据库服务。

[omm@ecs-e1b3 ~]$ gs_om -t start;
Starting cluster.
=========================================
=========================================
Successfully started.

然后连接postgres数据库。

[omm@ecs-e1b3 ~]$ gsql -d postgres -p 26000 -r
gsql ((openGauss 1.1.0 build 38a9312a) compiled at 2020-05-27 14:56:08 commit 472 last mr 549 )
Non-SSL connection (SSL connection is recommended when requiring high-security)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=#

步骤 3 创建student表。

postgres=# CREATE TABLE student
( std_id INT NOT NULL,
std_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
std_** VARCHAR(6),
std_birth DATE,
std_in DATE NOT NULL,
std_address VARCHAR(100)
);

CREATE TABLE

步骤 4 表数据插入。

INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (1,'张一','男','1993-01-01','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (2,'张二','男','1993-01-02','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (3,'张三','男','1993-01-03','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (4,'张四','男','1993-01-04','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (5,'张五','男','1993-01-05','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (6,'张六','男','1993-01-06','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (7,'张七','男','1993-01-07','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (8,'张八','男','1993-01-08','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (9,'张九','男','1993-01-09','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (10,'李一','男','1993-01-10','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (11,'李二','男','1993-01-11','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (12,'李三','男','1993-01-12','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (13,'李四','男','1993-01-13','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (14,'李五','男','1993-01-14','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (15,'李六','男','1993-01-15','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (16,'李七','男','1993-01-16','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (17,'李八','男','1993-01-17','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (18,'李九','男','1993-01-18','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (19,'王一','男','1993-01-19','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (20,'王二','男','1993-01-20','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (21,'王三','男','1993-01-21','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (22,'王四','男','1993-01-22','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (23,'王五','男','1993-01-23','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (24,'王六','男','1993-01-24','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (25,'王七','男','1993-01-25','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (26,'王八','男','1993-01-26','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (27,'王九','男','1993-01-27','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (28,'钱一','男','1993-01-28','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (29,'钱二','男','1993-01-29','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (30,'钱三','男','1993-01-30','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (31,'钱四','男','1993-02-01','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (32,'钱五','男','1993-02-02','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (33,'钱六','男','1993-02-03','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (34,'钱七','男','1993-02-04','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (35,'钱八','男','1993-02-05','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (36,'钱九','男','1993-02-06','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (37,'吴一','男','1993-02-07','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (38,'吴二','男','1993-02-08','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (39,'吴三','男','1993-02-09','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (40,'吴四','男','1993-02-10','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (41,'吴五','男','1993-02-11','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (42,'吴六','男','1993-02-12','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (43,'吴七','男','1993-02-13','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (44,'吴八','男','1993-02-14','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (45,'吴九','男','1993-02-15','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (46,'柳一','男','1993-02-16','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (47,'柳二','男','1993-02-17','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (48,'柳三','男','1993-02-18','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (49,'柳四','男','1993-02-19','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');
INSERT INTO student(std_id,std_name,std_**,std_birth,std_in,std_address) VALUES (50,'柳五','男','1993-02-20','2011-09-01','江苏省南京市雨花台区');

步骤 5 数据查询统计。

postgres=# select count(*) from student;
count
-------
50
(1 row)

postgres=# select * from student order by std_id;
std_id | std_name | std_** | std_birth | std_in | std_address
--------+----------+---------+---------------------+---------------------+----------------------
1 | 张一 | 男 | 1993-01-01 00:00:00 | 2011-09-01 00:00:00 | 江苏省南京市雨花台区
2 | 张二 | 男 | 1993-01-02 00:00:00 | 2011-09-01 00:00:00 | 江苏省南京市雨花台区
3 | 张三 | 男 | 1993-01-03 00:00:00 | 2011-09-01 00:00:00 | 江苏省南京市雨花台区
4 | 张四 | 男 | 1993-01-04 00:00:00 | 2011-09-01 00:00:00 | 江苏省南京市雨花台区
……………..

步骤 6 查看表信息。

postgres=# \d student
Table "public.student"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------
std_id | integer | not null
std_name | character varying(20) | not null
std_** | character varying(6) |
std_birth | timestamp(0) without time zone |
std_in | timestamp(0) without time zone | not null
std_address | character varying(100) |

步骤 7 收集表的统计信息。

postgres=# **YZE VERBOSE student;
INFO: **yzing "public.student"(dn_6001 pid=48036)
INFO: **YZE INFO : "student": scanned 1 of 1 pages, containing 50 live rows and 0 dead rows; 50 rows in sample, 50 estimated total rows(dn_6001 pid=48036)
**YZE

使用**YZE VERBOSE语句更新统计信息，会同时输出表的相关信息。
步骤 8 查看语句的执行计划。

postgres=# explain select * from student where std_id=30;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on student (cost=0.00..1.62 rows=1 width=62)
Filter: (std_id = 30)
(2 rows)

Seq Scan on student 表示使用的是全表扫描。

步骤 9 给表添加主键。

postgres=# alter table student add primary key (std_id);
NOTICE: ALTER TABLE / ADD PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "student_pkey" for table "student"
ALTER TABLE

步骤 10 再次查看表信息。
确定主键是否建好。

postgres=# \d student
Table "public.student"
Column | Type | Modifiers
-------------+--------------------------------+-----------
std_id | integer | not null
std_name | character varying(20) | not null
std_** | character varying(6) |
std_birth | timestamp(0) without time zone |
std_in | timestamp(0) without time zone | not null
std_address | character varying(100) |
Indexes:
"student_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (std_id) TABLESPACE pg_default

student_pkey 为主键名称。

步骤 11通过hint来优化语句扫描方式。
通过加hint来使查询语句进行索引扫描。

postgres=# explain select /*+indexscan(student student_pkey)*/ * from student where std_id=30;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------
[Bypass]
Index Scan using student_pkey on student (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=62)
Index Cond: (std_id = 30)
(3 rows)

postgres=#

Index Scan using student_pkey on student 表示语句通过student表上的主键索引student_pkey进行了索引扫描。

步骤 12退出数据库