当局部变量和全局变量同时存在的时候，优先引用局部变量，而不去引用全局变量。
参考文章：全局变量与局部变量优先级调用的问题—C/C++程序基础（二）
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C语言局部变量与全局变量重名时的优先级问题
C语言是一种通用编程语言，它为程序员提供了对计算机硬件访问的底层访问权限。在 C 语言中，根据作用域和生存期，变量可以被划分为局部变量和全局变量。当局部变量和全局变量名称相同时，系统将优先引用局部变量，而不是全局变量。这篇文章将深入探讨这个主题，从基本概念到代码示例，以及其背后的原理。
目录
局部变量和全局变量的定义
局部变量
局部变量（Local Variable）是在函数或一个代码块中定义的变量。只有在该函数或代码块中才能使用这些变量。每次当函数调用时，都会创建新的局部变量。
#include <stdio.h>
void func() {
int x = 10; // 这就是一个局部变量
printf("%d", x);
}
int main() {
func();
return 0;
}
全局变量
全局变量（Global Variable）是在所有函数之外定义的变量。全局变量在程序的整个生命周期内都是可用的，任何函数都可以访问和修改全局变量。
#include <stdio.h>
int x = 20; // 这就是一个全局变量
void func() {
printf("%d", x);
}
int main() {
func();
return 0;
}
局部变量和全局变量的区别
- 声明位置：全局变量在所有函数之外声明，而局部变量在单个函数或代码块内声明。
- 作用域：全局变量在程序的整个生命周期内都可用，而局部变量仅在其所在函数或代码块中有效。
- 生存期：全局变量在程序执行期间始终存在，而局部变量只在函数调用期间存在。
局部变量与全局变量重名时的优先级问题
当局部变量与全局变量同名时，如果在某个函数内引用该变量，C语言会优先选择局部变量。这是因为局部变量的作用域仅限于当前函数，而全局变量的作用域则遍布整个程序。为了避免命名冲突，编译器会优先考虑局部作用域。
#include <stdio.h>
int x = 20; // 全局变量
void func() {
int x = 10; // 局部变量
printf("%d", x); // 输出: 10
}
int main() {
func();
return 0;
}
上述代码中，即使局部变量和全局变量的名称相同，编译器也会优先考虑局部变量。
代码实例
以下是更多的示例来说明当局部变量和全局变量重名时，C语言如何处理的。
#include <stdio.h>
int x = 20; // 全局变量
void func1() {
int x = 10; // 局部变量
printf("func1: %d\n", x); // 输出: func1: 10
}
void func2() {
printf("func2: %d\n", x); // 输出: func2: 20
}
int main() {
func1();
func2();
return 0;
}
在这个示例中，func1函数有一个局部变量x，而func2函数没有。因此，当调用func1时，打印的是局部变量x的值，而调用func2时，打印的是全局变量x的值。
背后的原理
C语言中变量的作用域规则决定了当局部变量和全局变量重名时的优先级。这种设计思想主要是为了方便程序员在小范围（如函数内部）进行编程，避免不必要的全局变量干扰。但是，如果局部变量与全局变量重名，可能会导致全局变量被隐藏，从而无法在函数内部直接访问。
要在函数内部访问同名的全局变量，可以使用::运算符。
#include <stdio.h>
int x = 20; // 全局变量
void func() {
int x = 10; // 局部变量
printf("local x: %d\n", x); // 输出: local x: 10
printf("global x: %d\n", ::x); // 输出: global x: 20
}
int main() {
func();
return 0;
}
总结
C语言中局部变量和全局变量的优先级问题是一个重要的概念，需要开发者深入理解并熟练应用。在实际编程中，我们应尽量避免局部变量和全局变量重名，以防止出现预期之外的错误。理解这个原理可以帮助我们更好地组织和管理代码，提高代码的可读性和可维护性。
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