本篇文章,为本人在某一阶段对此问题的个人理解总结,水平有限,会不断更新。
对java中线程同步的理解
对于这个话题,我们可以从两个方面去拆解,思考,
首先,我需要知道线程同步的概念,什么是线程同步呢?为了充分利用硬件资源(对应多cpu单核、单cup多核、多cpu多核)去更高效的去完成一项工作内容,通常,我们将一份整体的工作内容拆解成可并行执行的多个单一工作任务,然后,启用多个线程(t1、t2...tn)去执行拆解后的每一个工作任务,以达成最终的目标。在整个执行过程中,多个线程之间免不了在某些个执行处交叉关联,例如,多个线程同时读写同一块内存地址,对于每个线程来说,对这块内存地址的操作必须是原子操作,并且一定的操作次序。这样,采用有效的方法,保证让多个(大于等于2个线程)参与线程按照正确的执行次序,正确的执行行为,一起正确的完成整项工作内容的执行约束,称之为线程同步。所以,这里说的同步,就是程序按照预定的先后次序运行。同,指的是协同、协助、互相配合。
其次,在java中怎么实现线程同步,首先需要明确什么时候需要同步,借用一下Brian’s Rule of Synchronization,
If you are writing a variable that might next be read by another thread, or reading a variable that might have last been written by another thread, you must use synchronization, and further, both the reader and the writer must synchronize using the same monitor lock.
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在特定的场景下的特定资源,可以使用volatile保证数据的可见性、Atomic classes来实现资源的原子性操作,Thread local storage来避免共享资源的冲突,达到一定程度的同步效果;
- 如果你足够expert,你可以不依赖于任何的工具包自行实现同步编码,自己编写lock-free代码;
- 使用并发编程工具,
- java jdk本身提供的工具,java.util.concurrent.*,高级并发编程构件(CountDownLatch, CyclicBarrier, DelayQueue, PriorityBlockingQueue, Exchanger, Producer-consumers and queues:ArrayBlockingQueue, LinkedBlockingQueue),Cooperation methods, 同步代码块,同步方法,互斥器,条件变量,Semaphore,Atomic classes等;
- 其他工具库,例如,google 的guava;
接下来,学习一下java里的Thread state,
public enum State { /** * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started. */ NEW, /** * Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may * be waiting for other resources from the operating system * such as processor. */ RUNNABLE, /** * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock. * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock * to enter a synchronized block/method or * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}. */ BLOCKED, /** * Thread state for a waiting thread. * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the * following methods: * <ul> * <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li> * <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li> * </ul> * * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to * perform a particular action. * * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt> * on an object is waiting for another thread to call * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt> * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate. */ WAITING, /** * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time. * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time: * <ul> * <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li> * <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li> * <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li> * <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li> * </ul> */ TIMED_WAITING, /** * Thread state for a terminated thread. * The thread has completed execution. */ TERMINATED; }
待续。。。