。这通常是因为某时刻应用程序大量请求内存导致系统内存不足造成的,这通常会触发 Linux 内核里的 Out of Memory (OOM) killer,OOM killer 会杀掉某个进程以腾出内存留给系统用,不致于让系统立刻崩溃。如果检查相关的日志文件(/var/log/messages)就会看到下面类似的 Out of memory: Kill process 信息:
...
Out of memory: Kill process 9682 (mysqld) score 9 or sacrifice child
Killed process 9682, UID 27, (mysqld) total-vm:47388kB, anon-rss:3744kB, file-rss:80kB
httpd invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x201da, order=0, oom_adj=0, oom_score_adj=0
httpd cpuset=/ mems_allowed=0
Pid: 8911, comm: httpd Not tainted 2.6.32-279.1.1.el6.i686 #1
...
21556 total pagecache pages
21049 pages in swap cache
Swap cache stats: add 12819103, delete 12798054, find 3188096/4634617
Free swap = 0kB
Total swap = 524280kB
131071 pages RAM
0 pages HighMem
3673 pages reserved
67960 pages shared
124940 pages non-shared
Linux 内核根据应用程序的要求分配内存,通常来说应用程序分配了内存但是并没有实际全部使用,为了提高性能,这部分没用的内存可以留作它用,这部分内存是属于每个进程的,内核直接回收利用的话比较麻烦,所以内核采用一种过度分配内存(over-commit memory)的办法来间接利用这部分 “空闲” 的内存,提高整体内存的使用效率。一般来说这样做没有问题,但当大多数应用程序都消耗完自己的内存的时候麻烦就来了,因为这些应用程序的内存需求加起来超出了物理内存(包括 swap)的容量,内核(OOM killer)必须杀掉一些进程才能腾出空间保障系统正常运行。用银行的例子来讲可能更容易懂一些,部分人取钱的时候银行不怕,银行有足够的存款应付,当全国人民(或者绝大多数)都取钱而且每个人都想把自己钱取完的时候银行的麻烦就来了,银行实际上是没有这么多钱给大家取的。
/**
* oom_badness - heuristic function to determine which candidate task to kill
* @p: task struct of which task we should calculate
* @totalpages: total present RAM allowed for page allocation
*
* The heuristic for determining which task to kill is made to be as simple and
* predictable as possible. The goal is to return the highest value for the
* task consuming the most memory to avoid subsequent oom failures.
*/
unsigned long oom_badness(struct task_struct *p, struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
const nodemask_t *nodemask, unsigned long totalpages)
{
long points;
long adj;
if (oom_unkillable_task(p, memcg, nodemask))
return 0;
p = find_lock_task_mm(p);
if (!p)
return 0;
adj = (long)p->signal->oom_score_adj;
if (adj == OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) {
task_unlock(p);
return 0;
}
/*
* The baseline for the badness score is the proportion of RAM that each
* task's rss, pagetable and swap space use.
*/
points = get_mm_rss(p->mm) + p->mm->nr_ptes +
get_mm_counter(p->mm, MM_SWAPENTS);
task_unlock(p);
/*
* Root processes get 3% bonus, just like the __vm_enough_memory()
* implementation used by LSMs.
*/
if (has_capability_noaudit(p, CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
adj -= 30;
/* Normalize to oom_score_adj units */
adj *= totalpages / 1000;
points += adj;
/*
* Never return 0 for an eligible task regardless of the root bonus and
* oom_score_adj (oom_score_adj can't be OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN here).
*/
return points > 0 ? points : 1;
}