关于神经网络和卷积神经网络，有一篇整理的很好的博客可供学习：https://blog.csdn.net/u014789266/article/details/53516861
这里利用tensorflow库自带的mnist手写字体数据集作为例子，来分别看神经网络和卷积神经网络的识别精度。tensorflow的安装方法在我的另一篇博客里（我的环境是win10+Anaconda3.6）
一、BP神经网络
导入需要的库和数据：
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_datamnist = input_data.read_data_sets('data/', one_hot=True)
trainimg = mnist.train.images
trainlabel = mnist.train.labels
testimg = mnist.test.images
testlabel = mnist.test.labels该手写字体图像数据训练集共55000个样本，每个图像h=28，w=28，由于是黑白图，图像channel=1，因此每幅图像素点为28*28*1=784
trainlabel由十维组成的，有标签的维度上标为1，其余维度上标为0，比如如果该样本属于第三类，那么其label为[0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]，最后的得出的y的预测值实际上是在各个维度上的概率值，比如[0.1,0.3,0.9,0.02,0.1,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.15,0.2]，那么这就表示第三个维度是1的可能性最高。
可以简单查看以下图像的编码是什么样子的：
np.reshape(trainimg[0, :], (28, 28)) #这就是训练集第一幅图像的编码nsample = 5
randidx = np.random.randint(trainimg.shape[0], size=nsample) #设定随机抽样的抽出来的标签
for i in randidx:
curr_img = np.reshape(trainimg[i, :], (28, 28)) # 28 by 28 matrix
curr_label = np.argmax(trainlabel[i, :] ) # Label
plt.matshow(curr_img, cmap=plt.get_cmap('gray'))
plt.title("" + str(i) + "th Training Data "
+ "Label is " + str(curr_label))
print ("" + str(i) + "th Training Data "
+ "Label is " + str(curr_label))
plt.show()#设置两个隐层神经元的个数
n_hidden_1 = 256
n_hidden_2 = 128
#input和output的维度
n_input = 784
n_classes = 10 x = tf.placeholder("float", [None, n_input])
y = tf.placeholder("float", [None, n_classes])下面设置权重参数W1,W2,W3, W1是从input层传到hidden1层的权重矩阵，是一个784*256维的矩阵，同理W2,W3
weights和biases这两个分别是得分函数里的参数：得分函数=weights*X+biases,传入该变量时只需要指定好变量的维度，刚开始传入时传入的是random_normal（高斯分布）的
stddev = 0.1
#得分函数=weights*X+biases
weights = {
'w1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_input, n_hidden_1], stddev=stddev)),
'w2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1, n_hidden_2], stddev=stddev)),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2, n_classes], stddev=stddev))
}
biases = {
'b1': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_1])),
'b2': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_hidden_2])),
'out': tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([n_classes]))
}def multilayer_perceptron(_X, _weights, _biases):
layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(_X, _weights['w1']), _biases['b1']))
layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, _weights['w2']), _biases['b2']))
return (tf.matmul(layer_2, _weights['out']) + _biases['out'])下面输出预测值，计算loss值，再反向带回到前面去优化各层的权重函数
pred = multilayer_perceptron(x, weights, biases)
cost = tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(labels=y, logits=pred)) #softmax型的loss
optm = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=0.001).minimize(cost) #以0.001为学习率去最小化loss
corr = tf.equal(tf.argmax(pred, 1), tf.argmax(y, 1))
accr = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(corr, "float"))
# INITIALIZER
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()#全局变量初始化 training_epochs = 20
#epoch值的含义：如果有50000张图片，每次一个batch=100，那么epoch的个数=50000/100=500，每个epoch表示把数据完整地跑了一遍
batch_size = 100
display_step = 4
#每隔一个epoch或者一个batch打印一次当前的精度
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
for epoch in range(training_epochs):
avg_cost = 0. #每次最初损失=0
total_batch = int(mnist.train.num_examples/batch_size) #计算一个epoch里面有多少个batch
# ITERATION
for i in range(total_batch):
batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size) #传入每个batch的具体数据
feeds = {x: batch_xs, y: batch_ys} #实际传进来的值
sess.run(optm, feed_dict=feeds)
#optm是梯度下降的优化器 = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=0.001).minimize(cost)，每次传入的值是feeds
avg_cost += sess.run(cost, feed_dict=feeds)
avg_cost = avg_cost / total_batch #每个epoch的平均损失
#下面展示精度
if (epoch+1) % display_step == 0:
print ("Epoch: %03d/%03d cost: %.9f" % (epoch, training_epochs, avg_cost))
feeds = {x: batch_xs, y: batch_ys}
train_acc = sess.run(accr, feed_dict=feeds)
print ("TRAIN ACCURACY: %.3f" % (train_acc))
feeds = {x: mnist.test.images, y: mnist.test.labels}
test_acc = sess.run(accr, feed_dict=feeds)
print ("TEST ACCURACY: %.3f" % (test_acc))Epoch: 003/020 cost: 2.276256993 TRAIN ACCURACY: 0.190 TEST ACCURACY: 0.188 Epoch: 007/020 cost: 2.241732514 TRAIN ACCURACY: 0.330 TEST ACCURACY: 0.328 Epoch: 011/020 cost: 2.203899798 TRAIN ACCURACY: 0.430 TEST ACCURACY: 0.414 Epoch: 015/020 cost: 2.160647209 TRAIN ACCURACY: 0.400 TEST ACCURACY: 0.498 Epoch: 019/020 cost: 2.109717269 TRAIN ACCURACY: 0.600 TEST ACCURACY: 0.571可以看到损失值loss在逐渐减小，而精度在不断提高，但精度最高也就57%，这样的精度并不可观。
二、卷积神经网络
首先做一些预处理（由于读进来的不是图像文件而是csv文件，因此需要这样的处理）
data = pd.read_csv('train.csv')
images = data.iloc[:,1:].values
images = images.astype(np.float) #将数据转换为float类型
images = np.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0) #数据本来在0-255区间内，这里做除法变成在0-1区间内
image_size = images.shape[1]
image_width = image_height = np.ceil(np.sqrt(image_size)).astype(np.uint8)def display(img):
one_image = img.reshape(image_width,image_height) #将每行像素点数据变成矩阵形式
plt.axis('off')
plt.imshow(one_image, cmap=cm.binary)
# output image
display(images[IMAGE_TO_DISPLAY])labels_flat=data.iloc[:,0].values.ravel() #先提取labels
print('labels_flat({0})'.format(len(labels_flat)))
def dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes):
num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0] #表示labels的数量，这里num_labels是42000
index_offset = np.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
#[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 41997, 41998, 41999] * 10= [ 0, 10, 20, ..., 419970, 419980, 419990]
labels_one_hot = np.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
#即np.zeros((42000, 10)) => 42000个10维的0向量（组成的列表）
labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1
return labels_one_hot
labels = dense_to_one_hot(labels_flat, labels_count)
labels = labels.astype(np.uint8)VALIDATION_SIZE = 2000 #验证样本数量
validation_images = images[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
validation_labels = labels[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
train_images = images[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
train_labels = labels[VALIDATION_SIZE:]def weight_variable(shape):
initial = tf.truncated_normal(shape, stddev=0.1)
return tf.Variable(initial)
def bias_variable(shape):
initial = tf.constant(0.1, shape=shape)
return tf.Variable(initial)def conv2d(x, W):
return tf.nn.conv2d(x, W, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding='SAME')
def max_pool_2x2(x):
return tf.nn.max_pool(x, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 2, 2, 1], padding='SAME')x是input矩阵，W是权重参数矩阵，padding='SAME'保证了每个像素的信息被利用相同多的次数，strides=[1, 1, 1, 1]中第1，4个值一般默认1，中间两个为每次横向、纵向移动的步数，pooling层各参数的含义与卷积层类似。
下面定义输入和输出的x和y：
# images
x = tf.placeholder('float', shape=[None, image_size]) #image_size=784，表示X的维度是784维
# labels
y_ = tf.placeholder('float', shape=[None, labels_count]) #labels_count=10，表示y的维度是10维W_conv1 = weight_variable([5, 5, 1, 32])
b_conv1 = bias_variable([32])
image = tf.reshape(x, [-1,image_width , image_height,1])
print (image.get_shape()) #(40000,28,28,1)
#下面进行卷积
h_conv1 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(image, W_conv1) + b_conv1)
print (h_conv1.get_shape()) #(40000, 28, 28, 32)
1、在上面这一段中，weight_variable和bias_variable分别是之前定义的初始化的函数，weight_variable()中的5个参数： filter是5*5的大小，1表示原始input数据只有1个channel（如果是彩图，channel是3），32是filter的个数，这里产生了32个filter，因此卷积一次结果是32张特征图。
2、tensorflow里面的数据都是4维的，reshape时，40000不动，将784转化为28*28*1，image_width , image_height都是28这里的-1是让python自己计算，即第一维的值为40000/（image_width*image_height*1）=40000
3、卷积的时候不改变输出的大小，因此输出的也是28*28的大小，但卷积会改变特征图的个数，这里从1变成了32
下面进行池化操作，注意池化是会改变输出的大小的：
h_pool1 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv1)
print (h_pool1.get_shape()) # => (40000, 14, 14, 32)
W_conv2 = weight_variable([5, 5, 32, 64])
#第一层卷积层是32张特征图，因此这里的channel值必须为32，64是本轮的filter的个数
b_conv2 = bias_variable([64])
h_conv2 = tf.nn.relu(conv2d(h_pool1, W_conv2) + b_conv2)
#print (h_conv2.get_shape()) # => (40000, 14,14, 64)
#第二次pooling
h_pool2 = max_pool_2x2(h_conv2)
#print (h_pool2.get_shape()) # => (40000, 7, 7, 64)
#卷积层中是784=28*28，全连接层就要变成是W_fc1 = weight_variable([7 * 7 * 64, 1024]) #这里的W是两维的，所以只有7 * 7 * 64和1024这两个参数
b_fc1 = bias_variable([1024])
# (40000, 7, 7, 64) => (40000, 3136)
h_pool2_flat = tf.reshape(h_pool2, [-1, 7*7*64])
#第一个全连接层的计算结果：W*X+b
h_fc1 = tf.nn.relu(tf.matmul(h_pool2_flat, W_fc1) + b_fc1)keep_prob = tf.placeholder('float')
h_fc1_drop = tf.nn.dropout(h_fc1, keep_prob)W_fc2 = weight_variable([1024, labels_count])
b_fc2 = bias_variable([labels_count])
#最终的输出：
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(h_fc1_drop, W_fc2) + b_fc2)#损失函数有两类，一种是softmax，一种是SVM，这里使用前者
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y))
#梯度下降算法——最小化损失函数
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(LEARNING_RATE).minimize(cross_entropy)
#正确预测的个数
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y,1), tf.argmax(y_,1))
#预测精度
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, 'float'))
#定义最终的预测结果维概率最大的那一类
predict=tf.argmax(y,1)设定好每一个batch怎么传入：
epochs_completed = 0
index_in_epoch = 0
num_examples = train_images.shape[0]
# serve data by batches
def next_batch(batch_size):
global train_images
global train_labels
global index_in_epoch
global epochs_completed
start = index_in_epoch
index_in_epoch += batch_size
# when all trainig data have been already used, it is reorder randomly
if index_in_epoch > num_examples:
# finished epoch
epochs_completed += 1
# shuffle the data
perm = np.arange(num_examples)
np.random.shuffle(perm)
train_images = train_images[perm]
train_labels = train_labels[perm]
# start next epoch
start = 0
index_in_epoch = batch_size
assert batch_size <= num_examples
end = index_in_epoch
return train_images[start:end], train_labels[start:end]init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.InteractiveSession()
sess.run(init)train_accuracies = []
validation_accuracies = []
x_range = []
display_step=1
for i in range(TRAINING_ITERATIONS):
#get new batch
batch_xs, batch_ys = next_batch(BATCH_SIZE) #传入每个batch的数据
# check progress on every 1st,2nd,...,10th,20th,...,100th... step
if i%display_step == 0 or (i+1) == TRAINING_ITERATIONS:
train_accuracy = accuracy.eval(feed_dict={x:batch_xs,
y_: batch_ys,
keep_prob: 1.0})
if(VALIDATION_SIZE):
validation_accuracy = accuracy.eval(feed_dict={ x: validation_images[0:BATCH_SIZE],
y_: validation_labels[0:BATCH_SIZE],
keep_prob: 1.0})
print('training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => %.2f / %.2f for step %d'%(train_accuracy, validation_accuracy, i))
validation_accuracies.append(validation_accuracy)
else:
print('training_accuracy => %.4f for step %d'%(train_accuracy, i))
train_accuracies.append(train_accuracy)
x_range.append(i)
# increase display_step
if i%(display_step*10) == 0 and i:
display_step *= 10
# train on batch
sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys, keep_prob: DROPOUT})
#train_step是之前定义好的函数：train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(LEARNING_RATE).minimize(cross_entropy)
training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.10 / 0.06 for step 0 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.14 / 0.14 for step 1 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.14 / 0.24 for step 2 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.12 / 0.28 for step 3 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.34 / 0.32 for step 4 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.26 / 0.24 for step 5 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.24 / 0.40 for step 6 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.34 / 0.34 for step 7 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.30 / 0.36 for step 8 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.28 / 0.30 for step 9 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.48 / 0.42 for step 10 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.46 / 0.44 for step 20 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.66 / 0.68 for step 30 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.58 / 0.70 for step 40 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.74 / 0.72 for step 50 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.64 / 0.76 for step 60 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.86 / 0.74 for step 70 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.86 / 0.82 for step 80 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.82 / 0.86 for step 90 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.82 / 0.84 for step 100 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.90 / 0.88 for step 200 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.88 / 0.86 for step 300 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.88 / 0.96 for step 400 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 1.00 / 0.90 for step 500 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.92 / 0.92 for step 600 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.84 / 0.94 for step 700 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.94 / 0.94 for step 800 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.88 / 0.92 for step 900 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.96 / 0.92 for step 1000 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 1.00 / 0.94 for step 2000 training_accuracy / validation_accuracy => 0.98 / 0.94 for step 2499第0次迭代的时候，初始精度为0.1，验证集上的精度只有0.06，通过2500次迭代，精度几乎稳定在了0.9以上，显然，卷积神经网络的识别精度远远好于一般的神经网络。
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