ORACLE外连接小结

好几次想用到外连接 的时候都忘了具体的用法是怎样的，比如说（+）该加在等号的哪一端，或者LFET OUTER JOIN该用在整条语句中的哪个部分。今天正好又碰到一个相关的问题，借此机会总结一下，以后也方便查询，不用每次都去百度了。

//table1和table2为两个测试表 随便插入几条数据 SQL> select * from table1; ID NAME ---------- -------------------- 1 wh 2 wp 3 wq SQL> select * from table2; ID NAME ---------- -------------------- 4 wr 1 wh //正常查询 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a,table2 b 3 where a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh //显示出table1中的所有记录 table2中无相应记录则置NULL SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a,table2 b 3 where a.id=b.id(+); NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wq wp //显示出table2中的所有记录 table1中无相应记录则置NULL SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a,table2 b 3 where a.id(+)=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wr //呵呵,这里本想尝试一下全外连接,不过使用(+)好像不行 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a,table2 b 3 where a.id(+)=b.id(+); where a.id(+)=b.id(+) * ERROR at line 3: ORA-01468: a predicate may reference only one outer-joined table //左外连接 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 left outer join table2 b 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wq wp //右外连接 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 right outer join table2 b 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wr //右外连接 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table2 b 3 right outer join table1 a 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wq wp //左外连接 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table2 b 3 left outer join table1 a 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wr //试一下FULL OUTER JOIN SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table2 b 3 full outer join table1 a 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wr wq wp SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 full outer join table2 b 4 on a.id=b.id; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh wq wp wr  
//table1和table2为两个测试表 随便插入几条数据
SQL> select * from table1;
        ID NAME
---------- --------------------
         1 wh
         2 wp
         3 wq
SQL> select * from table2;
        ID NAME
---------- --------------------
         4 wr
         1 wh
//正常查询
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a,table2 b
  3  where a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
//显示出table1中的所有记录 table2中无相应记录则置NULL
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a,table2 b
  3  where a.id=b.id(+);
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
wq
wp
//显示出table2中的所有记录 table1中无相应记录则置NULL
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a,table2 b
  3  where a.id(+)=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
                     wr
//呵呵,这里本想尝试一下全外连接,不过使用(+)好像不行
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a,table2 b
  3  where a.id(+)=b.id(+);
where a.id(+)=b.id(+)
             *
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-01468: a predicate may reference only one outer-joined table
//左外连接
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a
  3  left outer join table2 b
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
wq
wp
//右外连接
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a
  3  right outer join table2 b
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
                     wr
//右外连接
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table2 b
  3  right outer join table1 a
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
wq
wp
//左外连接
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table2 b
  3  left outer join table1 a
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
                     wr
//试一下FULL OUTER JOIN
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table2 b
  3  full outer join table1 a
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
                     wr
wq
wp
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a
  3  full outer join table2 b
  4  on a.id=b.id;
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
wq
wp
                     wr
 

小结一下

左连接就是左边的表全有值，右边表的值可以为空（+）

右连接是左边表值可以为空（+），右边表的值全有

至于使用OUTER JOIN的方法就稍微直观一些了，LEFT就是显示左边的表的全部内容，RIGHT就是显示右边的表的全部内容，FULL就是两边表内容都全显示。

既然说到这了已经，那么再来看一下自然连接 。

//使用using子句指定两个表相关联的列 //注:被using 子句所引用的列,在sql 语句中的任何地方不能使用表名或者别名作为前缀 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 join table2 b 4 using(id); NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wh SQL> select name 2 from table1 3 natural join table2; NAME -------------------- wh //这里好像不让指定别名 SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 natural join table2 b; select a.name,b.name * ERROR at line 1: ORA-25155: column used in NATURAL join cannot have qualifier

//使用using子句指定两个表相关联的列
//注:被using 子句所引用的列,在sql 语句中的任何地方不能使用表名或者别名作为前缀
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a
  3  join table2 b
  4  using(id);
NAME                 NAME
-------------------- --------------------
wh                   wh
SQL> select name
  2  from table1
  3  natural join table2;
NAME
--------------------
wh
//这里好像不让指定别名
SQL> select a.name,b.name
  2  from table1 a
  3  natural join table2 b;
select a.name,b.name
              *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-25155: column used in NATURAL join cannot have qualifier
 

最后，来看一下交叉连接 ，也就是笛卡尔积 。 

SQL> select a.name,b.name 2 from table1 a 3 cross join table2 b; NAME NAME -------------------- -------------------- wh wr wp wr wq wr wh wh wp wh wq wh 6 rows selected.  

下面是几个容易让人误认为不一样的东西，其实不然。

inner join = join

left outer join = left join

right outer join = right join