http://blog.csdn.net/xiaofengcanyuexj
Java中没有指针的概念,而引用就是一个弱化的指针,保证开发不能任意操作内存。最近整理了一下之前不明白的各种级别引用:强引用、软引用、弱引用、虚引用,它们的特点和应用场景汇总如下:
1、强引用
如果一个对象具有强引用,GC绝不会回收它;当内存空间不足,JVM宁愿抛出OutOfMemoryError错误。一般new出来的对象都是强引用,如下
- //强引用
- User strangeReference=new User();
2、软引用
如果一个对象具有软引用,当内存空间不足,GC会回收这些对象的内存,使用软引用构建敏感数据的缓存。
在JVM中,软引用是如下定义的,可以通过一个时间戳来回收,下面引自JVM:
- public class SoftReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Timestamp clock, updated by the garbage collector
- */
- static private long clock;
- /**
- * Timestamp updated by each invocation of the get method. The VM may use
- * this field when selecting soft references to be cleared, but it is not
- * required to do so.
- */
- private long timestamp;
- /**
- * Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object. The new
- * reference is not registered with any queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
- */
- public SoftReference(T referent) {
- super(referent);
- this.timestamp = clock;
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new soft reference that refers to the given object and is
- * registered with the given queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new soft reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- *
- */
- public SoftReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- this.timestamp = clock;
- }
- /**
- * Returns this reference object's referent. If this reference object has
- * been cleared, either by the program or by the garbage collector, then
- * this method returns <code>null</code>.
- *
- * @return The object to which this reference refers, or
- * <code>null</code> if this reference object has been cleared
- */
- public T get() {
- T o = super.get();
- if (o != null && this.timestamp != clock)
- this.timestamp = clock;
- return o;
- }
- }
- //软引用
- SoftReference<User>softReference=new SoftReference<User>(new User());
- strangeReference=softReference.get();//通过get方法获得强引用
3、弱引用
如果一个对象具有弱引用,在GC线程扫描内存区域的过程中,不管当前内存空间足够与否,都会回收内存,利用jdk中的ThreadLocal就是弱引用的,具体间下面的详细说明。
在JVM中,弱引用是如下定义的,下面引自JVM:
- public class WeakReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object. The new
- * reference is not registered with any queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
- */
- public WeakReference(T referent) {
- super(referent);
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new weak reference that refers to the given object and is
- * registered with the given queue.
- *
- * @param referent object the new weak reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- */
- public WeakReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- }
- }
弱引用的声明的借助强引用或者匿名对象,使用泛型WeakReference<T>,具体如下:
- //弱引用
- WeakReference<User>weakReference=new WeakReference<User>(new User());
4、虚引用
如果一个对象仅持有虚引用,在任何时候都可能被垃圾回收,虚引用与软引用和弱引用的一个区别在于:虚引用必须和引用队列联合使用,虚引用主要用来跟踪对象 被垃圾回收的活动。
在JVM中,虚引用是如下定义的,下面引自JVM:
- public class PhantomReference<T> extends Reference<T> {
- /**
- * Returns this reference object's referent. Because the referent of a
- * phantom reference is always inaccessible, this method always returns
- * <code>null</code>.
- *
- * @return <code>null</code>
- */
- public T get() {
- return null;
- }
- /**
- * Creates a new phantom reference that refers to the given object and
- * is registered with the given queue.
- *
- * <p> It is possible to create a phantom reference with a <tt>null</tt>
- * queue, but such a reference is completely useless: Its <tt>get</tt>
- * method will always return null and, since it does not have a queue, it
- * will never be enqueued.
- *
- * @param referent the object the new phantom reference will refer to
- * @param q the queue with which the reference is to be registered,
- * or <tt>null</tt> if registration is not required
- */
- public PhantomReference(T referent, ReferenceQueue<? super T> q) {
- super(referent, q);
- }
- }
- //虚引用
- PhantomReference<User> phantomReference=new PhantomReference<User>(new User(),new ReferenceQueue<User>());
5、总结
下面是一段关于强引用、软引用、弱引用、虚引用的程序:
- import java.lang.ref.*;
- import java.util.HashSet;
- import java.util.Set;
- class User {
- private String name;
- public User()
- {}
- public User(String name)
- {
- this.name=name;
- }
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return name;
- }
- public void finalize(){
- System.out.println("Finalizing ... "+name);
- }
- }
- /**
- * Created by jinxu on 15-4-25.
- */
- public class ReferenceDemo {
- private static ReferenceQueue<User> referenceQueue = new ReferenceQueue<User>();
- private static final int size = 10;
- public static void checkQueue(){
- /* Reference<? extends User> reference = null;
- while((reference = referenceQueue.poll())!=null){
- System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
- }*/
- Reference<? extends User> reference = referenceQueue.poll();
- if(reference!=null){
- System.out.println("In queue : "+reference.get());
- }
- }
- public static void testSoftReference()
- {
- Set<SoftReference<User>> softReferenceSet = new HashSet<SoftReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- SoftReference<User> ref = new SoftReference<User>(new User("Soft " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- softReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void testWeaKReference()
- {
- Set<WeakReference<User>> weakReferenceSet = new HashSet<WeakReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- WeakReference<User> ref = new WeakReference<User>(new User("Weak " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- weakReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void testPhantomReference()
- {
- Set<PhantomReference<User>> phantomReferenceSet = new HashSet<PhantomReference<User>>();
- for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
- PhantomReference<User> ref =
- new PhantomReference<User>(new User("Phantom " + i), referenceQueue);
- System.out.println("Just created: " + ref.get());
- phantomReferenceSet.add(ref);
- }
- System.gc();
- checkQueue();
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- testSoftReference();
- testWeaKReference();
- testPhantomReference();
- }
- }
结果为
- Just created: Soft 0
- Just created: Soft 1
- Just created: Soft 2
- Just created: Soft 3
- Just created: Soft 4
- Just created: Soft 5
- Just created: Soft 6
- Just created: Soft 7
- Just created: Soft 8
- Just created: Soft 9
- Just created: Weak 0
- Just created: Weak 1
- Just created: Weak 2
- Just created: Weak 3
- Just created: Weak 4
- Just created: Weak 5
- Just created: Weak 6
- Just created: Weak 7
- Just created: Weak 8
- Just created: Weak 9
- Finalizing ... Weak 7
- Finalizing ... Weak 8
- Finalizing ... Weak 9
- Finalizing ... Weak 4
- Finalizing ... Weak 5
- Finalizing ... Weak 6
- Finalizing ... Weak 0
- Finalizing ... Weak 1
- Finalizing ... Weak 2
- Finalizing ... Weak 3
- Finalizing ... Soft 9
- Finalizing ... Soft 8
- Finalizing ... Soft 7
- Finalizing ... Soft 6
- Finalizing ... Soft 5
- Finalizing ... Soft 4
- Finalizing ... Soft 3
- Finalizing ... Soft 2
- Finalizing ... Soft 1
- Finalizing ... Soft 0
- In queue : null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- Just created: null
- In queue : null
- Finalizing ... Phantom 9
- Finalizing ... Phantom 7
- Finalizing ... Phantom 8
- Finalizing ... Phantom 4
- Finalizing ... Phantom 5
- Finalizing ... Phantom 6
- Finalizing ... Phantom 0
- Finalizing ... Phantom 1
- Finalizing ... Phantom 2
- Finalizing ... Phantom 3
六、ThreadLocal
ThreadLocal是java多线程中 牺牲空间获取线程隔离的方法,避免上锁,即每个线上保持对ThreadLocal<T>对象T的副本。线程在访问变量时,操作的是该线程独有的变量副本,彻底封闭在每个访问的线程中,并发问题也完全消除了。
上面原图摘自博客园:原图 ,在此表示感谢。
每个thread中都存在一个map,map的类型是ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap。Map中的key为一个threadlocal实例。这个Map的确使用了弱引用,不过弱引用只是针对key。每个key都弱引用指向threadlocal。当把threadlocal实例置为null以后,没有任何强引用指向threadlocal实例,所以threadlocal将会被gc回收。但是,我们的value却不能回收,因为存在一条从current thread连接过来的强引用。只有当前thread结束以后,current thread就不会存在栈中,强引用断开,Current Thread, Map,value将全部被GC回收。
- /*
- * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- *
- */
- package java.lang;
- import java.lang.ref.*;
- import java.util.Objects;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- import java.util.function.Supplier;
- /**
- * This class provides thread-local variables. These variables differ from
- * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
- * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
- * copy of the variable. {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
- * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
- * a user ID or Transaction ID).
- *
- * <p>For example, the class below generates unique identifiers local to each
- * thread.
- * A thread's id is assigned the first time it invokes {@code ThreadId.get()}
- * and remains unchanged on subsequent calls.
- * <pre>
- * import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- *
- * public class ThreadId {
- * // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
- * private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);
- *
- * // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
- * private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId =
- * new ThreadLocal<Integer>() {
- * @Override protected Integer initialValue() {
- * return nextId.getAndIncrement();
- * }
- * };
- *
- * // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
- * public static int get() {
- * return threadId.get();
- * }
- * }
- * </pre>
- * <p>Each thread holds an implicit reference to its copy of a thread-local
- * variable as long as the thread is alive and the {@code ThreadLocal}
- * instance is accessible; after a thread goes away, all of its copies of
- * thread-local instances are subject to garbage collection (unless other
- * references to these copies exist).
- *
- * @author Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
- * @since 1.2
- */
- public class ThreadLocal<T> {
- /**
- * ThreadLocals rely on per-thread linear-probe hash maps attached
- * to each thread (Thread.threadLocals and
- * inheritableThreadLocals). The ThreadLocal objects act as keys,
- * searched via threadLocalHashCode. This is a custom hash code
- * (useful only within ThreadLocalMaps) that eliminates collisions
- * in the common case where consecutively constructed ThreadLocals
- * are used by the same threads, while remaining well-behaved in
- * less common cases.
- */
- private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
- /**
- * The next hash code to be given out. Updated atomically. Starts at
- * zero.
- */
- private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =
- new AtomicInteger();
- /**
- * The difference between successively generated hash codes - turns
- * implicit sequential thread-local IDs into near-optimally spread
- * multiplicative hash values for power-of-two-sized tables.
- */
- private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
- /**
- * Returns the next hash code.
- */
- private static int nextHashCode() {
- return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
- }
- /**
- * Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
- * thread-local variable. This method will be invoked the first
- * time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
- * method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
- * method, in which case the {@code initialValue} method will not
- * be invoked for the thread. Normally, this method is invoked at
- * most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
- * subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
- *
- * <p>This implementation simply returns {@code null}; if the
- * programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
- * value other than {@code null}, {@code ThreadLocal} must be
- * subclassed, and this method overridden. Typically, an
- * anonymous inner class will be used.
- *
- * @return the initial value for this thread-local
- */
- protected T initialValue() {
- return null;
- }
- /**
- * Creates a thread local variable. The initial value of the variable is
- * determined by invoking the {@code get} method on the {@code Supplier}.
- *
- * @param <S> the type of the thread local's value
- * @param supplier the supplier to be used to determine the initial value
- * @return a new thread local variable
- * @throws NullPointerException if the specified supplier is null
- * @since 1.8
- */
- public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
- return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
- }
- /**
- * Creates a thread local variable.
- * @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
- */
- public ThreadLocal() {
- }
- /**
- * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
- * thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
- * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
- * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
- *
- * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
- */
- public T get() {
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null) {
- ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
- if (e != null) {
- @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
- T result = (T)e.value;
- return result;
- }
- }
- return setInitialValue();
- }
- /**
- * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
- * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
- *
- * @return the initial value
- */
- private T setInitialValue() {
- T value = initialValue();
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null)
- map.set(this, value);
- else
- createMap(t, value);
- return value;
- }
- /**
- * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
- * to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
- * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
- * method to set the values of thread-locals.
- *
- * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
- * this thread-local.
- */
- public void set(T value) {
- Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
- ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
- if (map != null)
- map.set(this, value);
- else
- createMap(t, value);
- }
- /**
- * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
- * variable. If this thread-local variable is subsequently
- * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
- * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
- * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
- * in the interim. This may result in multiple invocations of the
- * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
- *
- * @since 1.5
- */
- public void remove() {
- ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
- if (m != null)
- m.remove(this);
- }
- /**
- * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
- * InheritableThreadLocal.
- *
- * @param t the current thread
- * @return the map
- */
- ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
- return t.threadLocals;
- }
- /**
- * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
- * InheritableThreadLocal.
- *
- * @param t the current thread
- * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
- */
- void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
- t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
- }
- /**
- * Factory method to create map of inherited thread locals.
- * Designed to be called only from Thread constructor.
- *
- * @param parentMap the map associated with parent thread
- * @return a map containing the parent's inheritable bindings
- */
- static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
- return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
- }
- /**
- * Method childValue is visibly defined in subclass
- * InheritableThreadLocal, but is internally defined here for the
- * sake of providing createInheritedMap factory method without
- * needing to subclass the map class in InheritableThreadLocal.
- * This technique is preferable to the alternative of embedding
- * instanceof tests in methods.
- */
- T childValue(T parentValue) {
- throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
- }
- /**
- * An extension of ThreadLocal that obtains its initial value from
- * the specified {@code Supplier}.
- */
- static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
- private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;
- SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
- this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
- }
- @Override
- protected T initialValue() {
- return supplier.get();
- }
- }
- /**
- * ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
- * maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
- * outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
- * allow declaration of fields in class Thread. To help deal with
- * very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
- * WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
- * used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
- * the table starts running out of space.
- */
- static class ThreadLocalMap {
- /**
- * The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
- * its main ref field as the key (which is always a
- * ThreadLocal object). Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
- * == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
- * entry can be expunged from table. Such entries are referred to
- * as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
- */
- static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
- /** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
- Object value;
- Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
- super(k);
- value = v;
- }
- }
- /**
- * The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
- */
- private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
- /**
- * The table, resized as necessary.
- * table.length MUST always be a power of two.
- */
- private Entry[] table;
- /**
- * The number of entries in the table.
- */
- private int size = 0;
- /**
- * The next size value at which to resize.
- */
- private int threshold; // Default to 0
- /**
- * Set the resize threshold to maintain at worst a 2/3 load factor.
- */
- private void setThreshold(int len) {
- threshold = len * 2 / 3;
- }
- /**
- * Increment i modulo len.
- */
- private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {
- return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);
- }
- /**
- * Decrement i modulo len.
- */
- private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {
- return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1);
- }
- /**
- * Construct a new map initially containing (firstKey, firstValue).
- * ThreadLocalMaps are constructed lazily, so we only create
- * one when we have at least one entry to put in it.
- */
- ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
- table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
- int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
- table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
- size = 1;
- setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
- }
- /**
- * Construct a new map including all Inheritable ThreadLocals
- * from given parent map. Called only by createInheritedMap.
- *
- * @param parentMap the map associated with parent thread.
- */
- private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
- Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
- int len = parentTable.length;
- setThreshold(len);
- table = new Entry[len];
- for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
- Entry e = parentTable[j];
- if (e != null) {
- @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
- ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
- if (key != null) {
- Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
- Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
- int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
- while (table[h] != null)
- h = nextIndex(h, len);
- table[h] = c;
- size++;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- /**
- * Get the entry associated with key. This method
- * itself handles only the fast path: a direct hit of existing
- * key. It otherwise relays to getEntryAfterMiss. This is
- * designed to maximize performance for direct hits, in part
- * by making this method readily inlinable.
- *
- * @param key the thread local object
- * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
- */
- private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
- int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
- Entry e = table[i];
- if (e != null && e.get() == key)
- return e;
- else
- return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
- }
- /**
- * Version of getEntry method for use when key is not found in
- * its direct hash slot.
- *
- * @param key the thread local object
- * @param i the table index for key's hash code
- * @param e the entry at table[i]
- * @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
- */
- private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- while (e != null) {
- ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
- if (k == key)
- return e;
- if (k == null)
- expungeStaleEntry(i);
- else
- i = nextIndex(i, len);
- e = tab[i];
- }
- return null;
- }
- /**
- * Set the value associated with key.
- *
- * @param key the thread local object
- * @param value the value to be set
- */
- private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
- // We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
- // least as common to use set() to create new entries as
- // it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
- // path would fail more often than not.
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
- for (Entry e = tab[i];
- e != null;
- e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
- ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
- if (k == key) {
- e.value = value;
- return;
- }
- if (k == null) {
- replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
- return;
- }
- }
- tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
- int sz = ++size;
- if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
- rehash();
- }
- /**
- * Remove the entry for key.
- */
- private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
- for (Entry e = tab[i];
- e != null;
- e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
- if (e.get() == key) {
- e.clear();
- expungeStaleEntry(i);
- return;
- }
- }
- }
- /**
- * Replace a stale entry encountered during a set operation
- * with an entry for the specified key. The value passed in
- * the value parameter is stored in the entry, whether or not
- * an entry already exists for the specified key.
- *
- * As a side effect, this method expunges all stale entries in the
- * "run" containing the stale entry. (A run is a sequence of entries
- * between two null slots.)
- *
- * @param key the key
- * @param value the value to be associated with key
- * @param staleSlot index of the first stale entry encountered while
- * searching for key.
- */
- private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value,
- int staleSlot) {
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- Entry e;
- // Back up to check for prior stale entry in current run.
- // We clean out whole runs at a time to avoid continual
- // incremental rehashing due to garbage collector freeing
- // up refs in bunches (i.e., whenever the collector runs).
- int slotToExpunge = staleSlot;
- for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len);
- (e = tab[i]) != null;
- i = prevIndex(i, len))
- if (e.get() == null)
- slotToExpunge = i;
- // Find either the key or trailing null slot of run, whichever
- // occurs first
- for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
- (e = tab[i]) != null;
- i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
- ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
- // If we find key, then we need to swap it
- // with the stale entry to maintain hash table order.
- // The newly stale slot, or any other stale slot
- // encountered above it, can then be sent to expungeStaleEntry
- // to remove or rehash all of the other entries in run.
- if (k == key) {
- e.value = value;
- tab[i] = tab[staleSlot];
- tab[staleSlot] = e;
- // Start expunge at preceding stale entry if it exists
- if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
- slotToExpunge = i;
- cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
- return;
- }
- // If we didn't find stale entry on backward scan, the
- // first stale entry seen while scanning for key is the
- // first still present in the run.
- if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
- slotToExpunge = i;
- }
- // If key not found, put new entry in stale slot
- tab[staleSlot].value = null;
- tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value);
- // If there are any other stale entries in run, expunge them
- if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot)
- cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
- }
- /**
- * Expunge a stale entry by rehashing any possibly colliding entries
- * lying between staleSlot and the next null slot. This also expunges
- * any other stale entries encountered before the trailing null. See
- * Knuth, Section 6.4
- *
- * @param staleSlot index of slot known to have null key
- * @return the index of the next null slot after staleSlot
- * (all between staleSlot and this slot will have been checked
- * for expunging).
- */
- private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- // expunge entry at staleSlot
- tab[staleSlot].value = null;
- tab[staleSlot] = null;
- size--;
- // Rehash until we encounter null
- Entry e;
- int i;
- for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
- (e = tab[i]) != null;
- i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
- ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
- if (k == null) {
- e.value = null;
- tab[i] = null;
- size--;
- } else {
- int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
- if (h != i) {
- tab[i] = null;
- // Unlike Knuth 6.4 Algorithm R, we must scan until
- // null because multiple entries could have been stale.
- while (tab[h] != null)
- h = nextIndex(h, len);
- tab[h] = e;
- }
- }
- }
- return i;
- }
- /**
- * Heuristically scan some cells looking for stale entries.
- * This is invoked when either a new element is added, or
- * another stale one has been expunged. It performs a
- * logarithmic number of scans, as a balance between no
- * scanning (fast but retains garbage) and a number of scans
- * proportional to number of elements, that would find all
- * garbage but would cause some insertions to take O(n) time.
- *
- * @param i a position known NOT to hold a stale entry. The
- * scan starts at the element after i.
- *
- * @param n scan control: {@code log2(n)} cells are scanned,
- * unless a stale entry is found, in which case
- * {@code log2(table.length)-1} additional cells are scanned.
- * When called from insertions, this parameter is the number
- * of elements, but when from replaceStaleEntry, it is the
- * table length. (Note: all this could be changed to be either
- * more or less aggressive by weighting n instead of just
- * using straight log n. But this version is simple, fast, and
- * seems to work well.)
- *
- * @return true if any stale entries have been removed.
- */
- private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {
- boolean removed = false;
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- do {
- i = nextIndex(i, len);
- Entry e = tab[i];
- if (e != null && e.get() == null) {
- n = len;
- removed = true;
- i = expungeStaleEntry(i);
- }
- } while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);
- return removed;
- }
- /**
- * Re-pack and/or re-size the table. First scan the entire
- * table removing stale entries. If this doesn't sufficiently
- * shrink the size of the table, double the table size.
- */
- private void rehash() {
- expungeStaleEntries();
- // Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresis
- if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4)
- resize();
- }
- /**
- * Double the capacity of the table.
- */
- private void resize() {
- Entry[] oldTab = table;
- int oldLen = oldTab.length;
- int newLen = oldLen * 2;
- Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
- int count = 0;
- for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
- Entry e = oldTab[j];
- if (e != null) {
- ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
- if (k == null) {
- e.value = null; // Help the GC
- } else {
- int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
- while (newTab[h] != null)
- h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
- newTab[h] = e;
- count++;
- }
- }
- }
- setThreshold(newLen);
- size = count;
- table = newTab;
- }
- /**
- * Expunge all stale entries in the table.
- */
- private void expungeStaleEntries() {
- Entry[] tab = table;
- int len = tab.length;
- for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
- Entry e = tab[j];
- if (e != null && e.get() == null)
- expungeStaleEntry(j);
- }
- }
- }
- }
从程序运行结果可以看出,虚引用形同虚设,它所引用的对象随时可能被垃圾回收器回收,具有弱引用的对象拥有稍微长一点的生命周期,当垃圾回收器执行回收操作时,有可能被垃圾回收器回收,具有软引用的对象拥有更长的生命周期,但在Java虚拟机认为内存不足的情况下,也是会被垃圾回收器回收的。