Android Power Management
Notes on Power Management in Android
wakelocks
The first version of Android utilized a system called "wakelocks", which was a set of patches to the Linux kernel to allow a caller to prevent the system from going to low power state.
Each wakelock is defined with a name and type. The type is one of:
- WAKE_LOCK_IDLE, or
- WAKE_LOCK_SUSPEND.
The name is an arbitrary ASCII string.
When a wake lock of type "IDLE" is in effect, the system will not enter idle (low power) state, and this should make the device more responsive. That is, it does not have to wake up from idle to respond to interrupts or events. When a wake lock of type "SUSPEND" is held, then the system will not suspend, which takes even longer to resume from.
You can, from user space, see the currently defined wakelocks and a bunch of information about their status, using 'cat /proc/wakelocks'
Below is an example of output from that command.
To see the code for this, see the file:drivers/android/power.c
Creating a wakelock
Kernel code can define a wakelock, and get a handle to it, by calling:
#include <linux/wakelock.h> wake_lock_init(struct wakelock *lock, int type, const char *name);
From user space, a process can write a name to
/sys/power/wake_lock
to create and lock a suspend lock with that name.
Using a wakelock inside the kernel
Kernel code can acquire and release the lock with one of the following:
void wake_lock(struct wake_lock *lock); void wake_unlock(struct wake_lock *lock);
Kernel code can also set a timeout to specify automatic release of the wakelock after a specific period, with:
void wake_lock_timeout(struct wake_lock *lock, long timeout);
The wakelock does not need to be held prior to calling this (it will automatically lock the wakelock and register the timeout).
Using a wakelock from user space
To release a suspend wake lock from user space, a process can write the lock name to: /sys/power/wake_unlock
Sample 'cat /proc/wakelocks' output
Here are some wakelocks from my ADP1 phone, running Donut (I think):
Note: I widened the columns and adjusted the title row to make the columns line up better.
$ cat /proc/wakelocks
name count expire_count active_since
wake_count total_time sleep_time max_time last_change
"PowerManagerService" 3580 0 0 0 1706674438454 1354421173104 62626251221 31701936996687
"mddi_link_active_idle_lock" 4641 0 0 0 26749877925 0 253234863 31701903732527
"msmfb_idle_lock" 2549 0 0 0 28889923076 0 266601563 31701902633894
"SMD_RPCCALL" 8913 0 34 0 9038391159 6843658471 176025391 31690316543807
"audio_pcm_idle" 12 0 0 0 68230224609 0 27459259033 31690315567244
"audio_pcm" 12 0 0 0 68230285646 12423248292 27459289551 31690315567244
"rpc_read" 60 0 0 0 3112792 823974 91553 31690315048445
"adsp" 12 0 0 0 67035552978 11988464355 27387664794 31690282791365
"rpc_read" 12 0 0 0 671387 213624 91553 31686582229842
"usb_mass_storage" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"rpc_read" 137 0 0 0 8972160 6744383 122070 31685788467635
"rpc_server" 277 0 0 0 406372060 320922839 41412354 31685787887801
"rpc_read" 277 0 0 0 117919940 111480725 94848633 31685787826766
"alarm" 1220 0 0 0 27851074219 25716247547 382141114 31669270950545
"rpc_read" 4909 0 0 0 375915506 347930899 16021729 31376427078475
"gpio_input" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"mddi_idle_lock" 54 0 0 0 8752532958 0 249603271 31154190719832
"SMD_DATA5" 862 862 377 0 620518382572 567607416986 6926910400 31153421737899
"alarm_rtc" 177 10 0 0 47826019299 47825439463 1801544190 31152471695175
"KeyEvents" 13271 0 0 0 11482665934 343322752 503204346 30525886245957
"evdev" 4437 0 0 0 4980529833 98724365 506927490 30525884811631
"evdev" 188 0 6 0 3093719493 2680358890 393676758 30522918777697
"rpc_read" 18 0 0 0 1464840 0 335693 30520425552599
"gpio_kp" 68 0 14 0 14835723878 2092010498 933135987 30445059005968
"evdev" 52 0 0 0 98999026 0 24139405 30438128067247
"rpc_read" 596 0 0 0 745910654 211212166 491180420 30046209060900
"rpc_read" 1331 0 0 0 286651593 169342025 112518310 30046203598253
"rpc_read" 10 0 0 0 1495361 427247 274658 3596980453801
"qmi0" 2 2 0 0 996235351 0 501717529 173250290527
"qmi2" 1 1 0 0 490385742 0 490385742 173250290527
"qmi1" 1 1 0 0 493193359 0 493193359 173250290527
"evdev" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"evdev" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"rpc_read" 2 0 0 0 427247 0 274659 7461350097
"mt9t013" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"gpio_input" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"gpio_input" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"SMD_DATA7" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"SMD_DATA6" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"msm_serial_hs_rx" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"unknown_wakeups" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
"deleted_wake_locks" 36 0 0 0 2593991 518798 1068114 0
"radio-interface" 329 0 0 549499512 437556091307 299558441157 2895507812 31701540695418
"vbus_present" 3 2 0 16399444580 26400295008545 25248585083008 25852771240234 31685690780867
"main" 27 0 0 547991455078 4674244259033 0 627599700928 31154098800887
"mmc_delayed_work" 796 796 172 0 405246968975 396150246568 689067383 31153556991805
"SMD_DS" 682 681 192 558929443 486005943591 268692961407 2368892822 31701531357039
Patch submission controversy
Arve Hjønnevå (of Google) sent patches to the linux-pm mailing list in of 2009, but they were rejected. See this thread for the submission and resulting discussion. This was the third version of the patches submitted for review by the kernel community.
The reasons for the rejection are described in the LWN.NET article Wakelocks and the embedded problem.
Wakelock documentation (from patch)
The 3rd version of the wakelock patch included the following /Documentation/power/wakelock.txt file
Wakelocks
=========
A locked wakelock, depending on its type, prevents the system from entering
suspend or other low-power states. When creating a wakelock, you can select
if it prevents suspend or low-power idle states. If the type is set to
WAKE_LOCK_SUSPEND, the wakelock prevents a full system suspend. If the type
is WAKE_LOCK_IDLE, low-power states that cause large interrupt latencies, or
that disable a set of interrupts, will not be entered from idle until the
wakelocks are released. Unless the type is specified, this document refers
to wakelocks with the type set to WAKE_LOCK_SUSPEND.
If the suspend operation has already started when locking a wakelock, it will
abort the suspend operation as long it has not already reached the suspend_late
stage. This means that locking a wakelock from an interrupt handler or a
freezeable thread always works, but if you lock a wakelock from a suspend_late
handler you must also return an error from that handler to abort suspend.
Wakelocks can be used to allow user-space to decide which keys should wake the
full system up and turn the screen on. Use set_irq_wake or a platform specific
api to make sure the keypad interrupt wakes up the cpu. Once the keypad driver
has resumed, the sequence of events can look like this:
- The Keypad driver gets an interrupt. It then locks the keypad-scan wakelock
and starts scanning the keypad matrix.
- The keypad-scan code detects a key change and reports it to the input-event
driver.
- The input-event driver sees the key change, enqueues an event, and locks
the input-event-queue wakelock.
- The keypad-scan code detects that no keys are held and unlocks the
keypad-scan wakelock.
- The user-space input-event thread returns from select/poll, locks the
process-input-events wakelock and then calls read in the input-event device.
- The input-event driver dequeues the key-event and, since the queue is now
empty, it unlocks the input-event-queue wakelock.
- The user-space input-event thread returns from read. It determines that the
key should not wake up the full system, releases the process-input-events
wakelock and calls select or poll.
Key pressed Key released
| |
keypad-scan ++++++++++++++++++
input-event-queue +++ +++
process-input-events +++ +++
Driver API
==========
A driver can use the wakelock api by adding a wakelock variable to its state
and calling wake_lock_init. For instance:
struct state {
struct wakelock wakelock;
}
init() {
wake_lock_init(&state->wakelock, WAKE_LOCK_SUSPEND, "wakelockname");
}
Before freeing the memory, wake_lock_destroy must be called:
uninit() {
wake_lock_destroy(&state->wakelock);
}
When the driver determines that it needs to run (usually in an interrupt
handler) it calls wake_lock:
wake_lock(&state->wakelock);
When it no longer needs to run it calls wake_unlock:
wake_unlock(&state->wakelock);
It can also call wake_lock_timeout to release the wakelock after a delay:
wake_lock_timeout(&state->wakelock, HZ);
This works whether the wakelock is already held or not. It is useful if the
driver woke up other parts of the system that do not use wakelocks but
till need to run. Avoid this when possible, since it will waste power
if the timeout is long or may fail to finish needed work if the timeout is
short.
Motorola quickwakeup feature
Jocelyn Falempe of Motorola proposed (in November, 2009) a quickwakeup feature to make it possible to reduce the time for a periodic job to resume, do a small amount of work, and suspend again.
http://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/58064/
From the patch:
The purpose of this feature is to drastically reduce the suspend/resume time for device driver which needs to do periodic job. In our use case (android smartphone), the system is most of the time in suspend to RAM, and needs to send a low level command every 30s. With current framework it takes about 500ms on omap3430 to resume the full system, and then suspend again. With quickwakup feature, in the resume process after resuming sysdev and re-enabling irq, the driver handler is executed, and then it suspends again. This new path takes 20ms for us, which leads to good power-saving.
Earlysuspend
Arve's patches also included something referred to as "earlysuspend", but I haven't reviewed this yet to see what it is.
May 2010 patch submission - "Suspend blockers"
Arve refactored the patches and did a name change, and submitted them again in April and May of 2010. There was a LOT of discussion on the linux-pm mailing list, which many developers participated in. The discussion raised lots of questions, and lots of responses were given. People interested in Android power management may get more enlightenment by reading the thread.
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