Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义以及linux命令执行返回值意义

 

 

(1) Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义说明

1.1、简要说明

 

ps： 你在Linux环境下多试下就明白了

$$

Shell本身的PID（ProcessID，即脚本运行的当前进程ID号）

$!

Shell最后运行的后台Process的PID(后台运行的最后一个进程的进程ID号)

$?

最后运行的命令的结束代码（返回值）即执行上一个指令的返回值 (显示最后命令的退出状态。0表示没有错误，其他任何值表明有错误)

$-

显示shell使用的当前选项，与set命令功能相同

$*

所有参数列表。如"$*"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1 $2 … $n"的形式输出所有参数，此选项参数可超过9个。

$@

所有参数列表。如"$@"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1" "$2" … "$n" 的形式输出所有参数。

$@ 跟$*类似，但是可以当作数组用

$#

添加到Shell的参数个数

$0

Shell本身的文件名

$1～$n

添加到Shell的各参数值。$1是第1参数、$2是第2参数…。

 

1.2、脚本举例

 

我们先写一个简单的脚本，执行以后再解释各个变量的意义

# touch variable

# vi variable

脚本内容如下：

#!/bin/sh

echo "number:$#"

echo "scname:$0"

echo "first :$1"

echo "second:$2"

echo "argume:$@"

保存退出

赋予脚本执行权限

# chmod +x variable

执行脚本

# ./variable aa bb

number:2

scname:./variable

first: aa

second:bb

argume:aa bb

 

结果分析

 

通过显示结果可以看到：

$# 是传给脚本的参数个数

$0 是脚本本身的名字

$1是传递给该shell脚本的第一个参数

$2是传递给该shell脚本的第二个参数

$@ 是传给脚本的所有参数的列表

 

参考： https://blog.csdn.net/slovyz/article/details/47400107

 

(2) linux命令执行返回值说明

 

在 Linux 下，不管你是启动一个桌面程序也好，还是在控制台下运行命令，所有的程序在结束时，都会返回一个数字值，这个值叫做返回值，或者称为错误号 ( Error Number )。

 

2.1、在控制台下，有一个特殊的环境变量 $?，保存着前一个程序的返回值，我们可以试试：

$ ls *.png

Diagram1.png  eqn.png         peazip.png

eqn4.png      Mandelbrot.png  x2.png

$ echo $?

0

先随便执行个命令，比如像上面的 ls 某些文件，然后通过 echo $?，打印 $? 的值～

我们发现返回值是 0，这是什么意思呢？

只要返回值是 0，就代表程序执行成功了～

也就是说，如果 $? 变量的值不是 0 的话，就表示上一个命令在执行的过程中出错了。

 

2.2、我们可以试着 ls 一个不存在的文件：

$ ls linuxgem

ls: 无法访问 linuxgem: 没有那个文件或目录

$ echo $?

2

这样，对于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令，可以方便的看出它是否成功执行结束。

不过，每次都 echo $? 一下太累了，没关系，你可以把 $? 放在提示符里去：

 

2.3、将上次命令执行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去：export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"

 

1. tom@localhost ~ $ export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"

2. [0]tom@localhost ~ $

export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"  这个命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面，这样每次执行完命令，这个值都会自动更新，这下就一目了然了～ 

 

2.3、用perror查看错误提示

 

那么如果返回的值不是 0，我们要怎么知道是那里出错了呢？ 大多数的程序出错都会给出提示，如果没有提示的话，可以用 perror 这个程序来查看错误的信息，比如返回值是 2，我们可以运行：

$ perror 2

OS error code   2:  No such file or directory

这样就清楚了，原来是文件不存在～

 

2.4、给出错误代码及其具体原因对照表：

 

1. "OS error code 1: Operation not permitted"

2. "OS error code 2: No such file or directory"

3. "OS error code 3: No such process"

4. "OS error code 4: Interrupted system call"

5. "OS error code 5: Input/output error"

6. "OS error code 6: No such device or address"

7. "OS error code 7: Argument list too long"

8. "OS error code 8: Exec format error"

9. "OS error code 9: Bad file descriptor"

10. "OS error code 10: No child processes"

11. "OS error code 11: Resource temporarily unavailable"

12. "OS error code 12: Cannot allocate memory"

13. "OS error code 13: Permission denied"

14. "OS error code 14: Bad address"

15. "OS error code 15: Block device required"

16. "OS error code 16: Device or resource busy"

17. "OS error code 17: File exists"

18. "OS error code 18: Invalid cross-device link"

19. "OS error code 19: No such device"

20. "OS error code 20: Not a directory"

21. "OS error code 21: Is a directory"

22. "OS error code 22: Invalid argument"

23. "OS error code 23: Too many open files in system"

24. "OS error code 24: Too many open files"

25. "OS error code 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device"

26. "OS error code 26: Text file busy"

27. "OS error code 27: File too large"

28. "OS error code 28: No space left on device"

29. "OS error code 29: Illegal seek"

30. "OS error code 30: Read-only file system"

31. "OS error code 31: Too many links"

32. "OS error code 32: Broken pipe"

33. "OS error code 33: Numerical argument out of domain"

34. "OS error code 34: Numerical result out of range"

35. "OS error code 35: Resource deadlock avoided"

36. "OS error code 36: File name too long"

37. "OS error code 37: No locks available"

38. "OS error code 38: Function not implemented"

39. "OS error code 39: Directory not empty"

40. "OS error code 40: Too many levels of symbolic links"

41. "OS error code 42: No message of desired type"

42. "OS error code 43: Identifier removed"

43. "OS error code 44: Channel number out of range"

44. "OS error code 45: Level 2 not synchronized"

45. "OS error code 46: Level 3 halted"

46. "OS error code 47: Level 3 reset"

47. "OS error code 48: Link number out of range"

48. "OS error code 49: Protocol driver not attached"

49. "OS error code 50: No CSI structure available"

50. "OS error code 51: Level 2 halted"

51. "OS error code 52: Invalid exchange"

52. "OS error code 53: Invalid request descriptor"

53. "OS error code 54: Exchange full"

54. "OS error code 55: No anode"

55. "OS error code 56: Invalid request code"

56. "OS error code 57: Invalid slot"

57. "OS error code 59: Bad font file format"

58. "OS error code 60: Device not a stream"

59. "OS error code 61: No data available"

60. "OS error code 62: Timer expired"

61. "OS error code 63: Out of streams resources"

62. "OS error code 64: Machine is not on the network"

63. "OS error code 65: Package not installed"

64. "OS error code 66: Object is remote"

65. "OS error code 67: Link has been severed"

66. "OS error code 68: Advertise error"

67. "OS error code 69: Srmount error"

68. "OS error code 70: Communication error on send"

69. "OS error code 71: Protocol error"

70. "OS error code 72: Multihop attempted"

71. "OS error code 73: RFS specific error"

72. "OS error code 74: Bad message"

73. "OS error code 75: Value too large for defined data type"

74. "OS error code 76: Name not unique on network"

75. "OS error code 77: File descriptor in bad state"

76. "OS error code 78: Remote address changed"

77. "OS error code 79: Can not access a needed shared library"

78. "OS error code 80: Accessing a corrupted shared library"

79. "OS error code 81: .lib section in a.out corrupted"

80. "OS error code 82: Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"

81. "OS error code 83: Cannot exec a shared library directly"

82. "OS error code 84: Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"

83. "OS error code 85: Interrupted system call should be restarted"

84. "OS error code 86: Streams pipe error"

85. "OS error code 87: Too many users"

86. "OS error code 88: Socket operation on non-socket"

87. "OS error code 89: Destination address required"

88. "OS error code 90: Message too long"

89. "OS error code 91: Protocol wrong type for socket"

90. "OS error code 92: Protocol not available"

91. "OS error code 93: Protocol not supported"

92. "OS error code 94: Socket type not supported"

93. "OS error code 95: Operation not supported"

94. "OS error code 96: Protocol family not supported"

95. "OS error code 97: Address family not supported by protocol"

96. "OS error code 98: Address already in use"

97. "OS error code 99: Cannot assign requested address"

98. "OS error code 100: Network is down"

99. "OS error code 101: Network is unreachable"

100. "OS error code 102: Network dropped connection on reset"

101. "OS error code 103: Software caused connection abort"

102. "OS error code 104: Connection reset by peer"

103. "OS error code 105: No buffer space available"

104. "OS error code 106: Transport endpoint is already connected"

105. "OS error code 107: Transport endpoint is not connected"

106. "OS error code 108: Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"

107. "OS error code 109: Too many references: cannot splice"

108. "OS error code 110: Connection timed out"

109. "OS error code 111: Connection refused"

110. "OS error code 112: Host is down"

111. "OS error code 113: No route to host"

112. "OS error code 114: Operation already in progress"

113. "OS error code 115: Operation now in progress"

114. "OS error code 116: Stale NFS file handle"

115. "OS error code 117: Structure needs cleaning"

116. "OS error code 118: Not a XENIX named type file"

117. "OS error code 119: No XENIX semaphores available"

118. "OS error code 120: Is a named type file"

119. "OS error code 121: Remote I/O error"

120. "OS error code 122: Disk quota exceeded"

121. "OS error code 123: No medium found"

122. "OS error code 124: Wrong medium type"

123. "OS error code 125: Operation canceled"

124. "OS error code 126: Required key not available"

125. "OS error code 127: Key has expired"

126. "OS error code 128: Key has been revoked"

127. "OS error code 129: Key was rejected by service"

128. "OS error code 130: Owner died"

129. "OS error code 131: State not recoverable"

130. "MySQL error code 132: Old database file"

131. "MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"

132. "MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"

133. "MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"

134. "MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"

135. "MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"

136. "MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"

137. "MySQL error code 139: Too big row"

138. "MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"

139. "MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"

140. "MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"

141. "MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"

142. "MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"

143. "MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"

144. "MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"

145. "MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full; Restart program with a larger locktable"

146. "MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"

147. "MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"

148. "MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"

149. "MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"

150. "MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/u012359618/article/details/51442966