Java07 —— List总结(LinkedList, ArrayList等使用场景和性能分析)

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一、List回顾

 List框架图

 1、List 是一个接口,它继承于Collection的接口。它代表着有序的队列
2、 AbstractList 是一个抽象类,它继承于AbstractCollection。AbstractList实现List接口中除size()、get(int location)之外的函数。
3、 AbstractSequentialList 是一个抽象类,它继承于AbstractList。AbstractSequentialList 实现了“链表中,根据index索引值操作链表的全部函数”。

4、ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack是List的4个实现类。
  ArrayList 是一个数组队列,相当于动态数组。它由数组实现,随机访问效率高,随机插入、随机删除效率低
  LinkedList 是一个双向链表。它也可以被当作堆栈、队列或双端队列进行操作。LinkedList随机访问效率低,但随机插入、随机删除效率高
  Vector 是矢量队列,和ArrayList一样,它也是一个动态数组,由数组实现。但是ArrayList是非线程安全的,而Vector是线程安全的。
  Stack 是栈,它继承于Vector。它的特性是:先进后出(FILO, First In Last Out)。

二、List使用场景

下面先概括的说明一下各个List的使用场景,后面再分析原因。

如果涉及到“栈”、“队列”、“链表”等操作,应该考虑用List具体的选择哪个List,根据下面的标准来取舍。
1、对于需要快速插入,删除元素,应该使用LinkedList
2、 对于需要快速随机访问元素,应该使用ArrayList
3、 对于“单线程环境” 或者 “多线程环境,但List仅仅只会被单个线程操作”,此时应该使用非同步的类(如ArrayList)。
       对于“多线程环境,且List可能同时被多个线程操作”,此时,应该使用同步的类(如Vector)。
通过下面的测试程序,验证上面的1、和2、的结论。参考代码如下:

/**
 * 对比ArrayList和LinkedList的插入、随机读取效率、删除的效率
 * 
 * @ClassName: List_test_1
 * @author Xingle
 * @date 2014-5-29 下午5:25:11
 */
public class List_test_1 {
    private static int COUNT_ = 100000;

    private static LinkedList<Integer> linkedList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
    private static ArrayList<Integer> arraylist = new ArrayList<Integer>();
    private static Vector<Integer> vector = new Vector<Integer>();
    private static Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<Integer>();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 插入
        insertByPosition(stack);
        insertByPosition(linkedList);
        insertByPosition(arraylist);
        insertByPosition(vector);
        

        // 读取
        readByPosition(stack);
        readByPosition(linkedList);
        readByPosition(arraylist);
        readByPosition(vector);
        

        // 删除
        deleteByPosition(stack);
        deleteByPosition(linkedList);
        deleteByPosition(arraylist);
        deleteByPosition(vector);
        

    }

    /**
     * 从list的指定位置删除COUNT个元素,并统计时间
     * 
     * @author xingle
     * @data 2014-5-29 下午5:33:55
     */
    private static void deleteByPosition(List<Integer> list) {
        long start = getCurrentTime();
        for (int i = 0; i < COUNT_; i++) {
            list.remove(0);
        }
        long end = getCurrentTime();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println(getListName(list) + " : delete " + COUNT_
                + " delete "+COUNT_+" elements from the 1st position use time:" + interval
                + " ms");

    }

    /**
     * 根据position,从list中读取元素,并统计时间
     * 
     * @param list
     * @author xingle
     * @data 2014-5-29 下午5:32:58
     */
    private static void readByPosition(List<Integer> list) {
        long start = getCurrentTime();
        for (int i = 0; i < COUNT_; i++) {
            list.get(i);
        }
        long end = getCurrentTime();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println(getListName(list) + " : read " + COUNT_
                + " elements by position use time:" + interval
                + " ms");

    }

    /**
     * 向list的指定位置插入COUNT个元素,并统计时间
     * 
     * @param list
     * @author xingle
     * @data 2014-5-29 下午5:32:16
     */
    private static void insertByPosition(List<Integer> list) {
        long start = getCurrentTime();
        for (int i = 0; i < COUNT_; i++) {
            list.add(0, i);
        }
        long end = getCurrentTime();
        long interval = end - start;
        System.out.println(getListName(list) + " : insert " + COUNT_
                + " elements into the 1st position use time:" + interval
                + " ms");
    }

    /**
     * 获取list名称
     * 
     * @return
     * @author xingle
     * @data 2014-5-29 下午5:38:02
     */
    private static String getListName(List<Integer> list) {
        if (list instanceof LinkedList)
            return "LinkedList";
        else if (list instanceof ArrayList)
            return "ArrayList";
        else if (list instanceof Stack)
            return "Stack";
        else if(list instanceof Vector)
            return "Vector";
        else 
            return "List";
    }

    /**
     * 获取当前时间
     * 
     * @return
     * @author xingle
     * @data 2014-5-29 下午5:35:33
     */
    private static long getCurrentTime() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }

}

执行结果:

Stack : insert 100000 elements into the 1st position use time:1724 ms
LinkedList : insert 100000 elements into the 1st position use time:31 ms
ArrayList : insert 100000 elements into the 1st position use time:1724 ms
Vector : insert 100000 elements into the 1st position use time:1651 ms


Stack : read 100000 elements by position use time:9 ms
LinkedList : read 100000 elements by position use time:8969 ms
ArrayList : read 100000 elements by position use time:10 ms
Vector : read 100000 elements by position use time:10 ms


Stack : delete 100000 delete 100000 elements from the 1st position use time:2674 ms
LinkedList : delete 100000 delete 100000 elements from the 1st position use time:23 ms
ArrayList : delete 100000 delete 100000 elements from the 1st position use time:2757 ms
Vector : delete 100000 delete 100000 elements from the 1st position use time:2087 ms


从中,我们可以发现
插入10万个元素,LinkedList所花时间最短:31ms
删除10万个元素,LinkedList所花时间最短:23ms
遍历10万个元素,LinkedList所花时间最长:8969 ms;而ArrayList、Stack和Vector则相差不多,都只用了几秒。

考虑到Vector是支持同步的,而Stack又是继承于Vector的;因此,得出结论:
1、对于需要快速插入,删除元素,应该使用LinkedList
2、 对于需要快速随机访问元素,应该使用ArrayList
3、 对于“单线程环境” 或者 “多线程环境,但List仅仅只会被单个线程操作”,此时应该使用非同步的类ArrayList

三、LinkedList和ArrayList性能差异分析

为什么LinkedList中插入元素很快,而ArrayList中插入元素很慢??     LinkedList.java中向指定位置插入元素的代码如下:

/**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }

        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

 /**
     * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
     * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
     */
    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

 public static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType) {
        T[] copy = ((Object)newType == (Object)Object[].class)
            ? (T[]) new Object[newLength]
            : (T[]) Array.newInstance(newType.getComponentType(), newLength);
        System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
                         Math.min(original.length, newLength));
        return copy;
    }

ensureCapacity(size+1) 的作用是“确认ArrayList的容量,若容量不够,则增加容量
真正耗时的操作是 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, size - index);

Sun JDK包的java/lang/System.java中的arraycopy()声明如下:

public static native void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length);

arraycopy()是个JNI函数,它是在JVM中实现的。sunJDK中看不到源码,不过可以在OpenJDK包中看到的源码。网上有对arraycopy()的分析说明,请参考:System.arraycopy源码分析 
实际上,System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, size - index); 会移动index之后所有元素即可这就意味着,ArrayList的add(int index, E element)函数,会引起index之后所有元素的改变!


通过上面的分析,我们就能理解为什么LinkedList中插入元素很快,而ArrayList中插入元素很慢。
“删除元素”与“插入元素”的原理类似,这里就不再过多说明。


“为什么LinkedList中随机访问很慢,而ArrayList中随机访问很快”。先看看LinkedList随机访问的代码

/**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return node(index).item;
    }

/**
     * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
     */
    Node<E> node(int index) {
        // assert isElementIndex(index);

        if (index < (size >> 1)) {
            Node<E> x = first;
            for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
                x = x.next;
            return x;
        } else {
            Node<E> x = last;
            for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
                x = x.prev;
            return x;
        }
    }

 private static class Node<E> {
        E item;
        Node<E> next;
        Node<E> prev;

        Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
            this.item = element;
            this.next = next;
            this.prev = prev;
        }
    }

从中,可以看出:通过get(int index)获取LinkedList第index个元素时。先在双向链表中找到index位置的元素;找到之后再返回。
双向链表查找index位置的节点时,有一个加速动作若index < 双向链表长度的1/2,则从前向后查找; 否则,从后向前查找。

下面看看ArrayList随机访问的代码 :

/**
     * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
     *
     * @param  index index of the element to return
     * @return the element at the specified position in this list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E get(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        return elementData(index);
    }

// Positional Access Operations

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

通过get(int index)获取ArrayList第index个元素时。直接返回数组中index位置的元素,而不需要像LinkedList一样进行查找。

四、Vector和ArrayList比较

相同之处

1、它们都是List

2、它们都实现了RandomAccessCloneable接口

3、 它们都是通过数组实现的,本质上都是动态数组

4 、它们的默认数组容量是10

5 、它们都支持IteratorlistIterator遍历


相同之处

1 它们都是List:它们都继承于AbstractList,并且实现List接口。
ArrayList和Vector的类定义如下:

// ArrayList的定义
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

// Vector的定义
public class Vector<E>
    extends AbstractList<E>
    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable

2、它们都实现了RandomAccessCloneable接口

   实现RandomAccess接口,意味着它们都支持快速随机访问;
   实现Cloneable接口,意味着它们能克隆自己。

3 、它们都是通过数组实现的,本质上都是动态数组

ArrayList.java中定义数组elementData用于保存元素

/**
     * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
     * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
     * empty ArrayList with elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA will be expanded to
     * DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
     */
    private transient Object[] elementData;

Vector.java中也定义了数组elementData用于保存元素

/**
     * The array buffer into which the components of the vector are
     * stored. The capacity of the vector is the length of this array buffer,
     * and is at least large enough to contain all the vector's elements.
     *
     * <p>Any array elements following the last element in the Vector are null.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    protected Object[] elementData;

4 它们的默认数组容量是10

   若创建ArrayList或Vector时,没指定容量大小;则使用默认容量大小10。

ArrayList的默认构造函数如下:

/**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        super();
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }
/**
     * Default initial capacity.
     */
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

Vector的默认构造函数如下:

/**
     * Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array
     * has size {@code 10} and its standard capacity increment is
     * zero.
     */
    public Vector() {
        this(10);
    }

5 、它们都支持IteratorlistIterator遍历

   它们都继承于AbstractList,而AbstractList中分别实现了 “iterator()接口返回Iterator迭代器” 和 “listIterator()返回ListIterator迭代器”。

不同之处

1 、线程安全性不一样

2 、对序列化支持不同

3、 构造函数个数不同

4 、容量增加方式不同

5 、对Enumeration的支持不同。Vector支持通过Enumeration去遍历,而List不支持


1 、线程安全性不一样   

ArrayList是非线程安全,用于单线程;而Vector是线程安全的,它的函数是synchronized的,即都是支持同步的,用于多线程。

2 、对序列化支持不同

   ArrayList支持序列化,而Vector不支持;即ArrayList有实现java.io.Serializable接口,而Vector没有实现该接口。

3 、构造函数个数不同
   ArrayList有3个构造函数,而Vector有4个构造函数。Vector除了包括和ArrayList类似的3个构造函数之外,另外的一个构造函数可以指定容量增加系数。

ArrayList的构造函数如下:

/**
     * capacity是ArrayList的默认容量大小。当由于增加数据导致容量不足时,容量会添加上一次容量大小的一半
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

    /** 
     * 默认构造函数
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        super();
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        size = elementData.length;
        // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
        if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    }

Vector的构造函数如下

/**
     * Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and
     * capacity increment.
     *
     * @param   initialCapacity     the initial capacity of the vector
     * @param   capacityIncrement   the amount by which the capacity is
     *                              increased when the vector overflows
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        this.capacityIncrement = capacityIncrement;
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty vector with the specified initial capacity and
     * with its capacity increment equal to zero.
     *
     * @param   initialCapacity   the initial capacity of the vector
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public Vector(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty vector so that its internal data array
     * has size {@code 10} and its standard capacity increment is
     * zero.
     */
    public Vector() {
        this(10);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a vector containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this
     *       vector
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     * @since   1.2
     */
    public Vector(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        elementCount = elementData.length;
        // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
        if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, elementCount, Object[].class);
    }

4 、容量增加方式不同

   逐个添加元素时,若ArrayList容量不足时,新的容量扩大1.5倍。

ArrayList中容量增长的主要函数如下:

/**
     * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
     * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
     *
     * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
     */
    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);//对容量扩大1.5倍
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

Vector中容量增长的主要函数如下:

在进行动态扩容时,Vector的新容量大小为原有容量加上capacityIncrement,如果这个数不大于0,则扩容为原始容量的2倍。

private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + ((capacityIncrement > 0) ?
                                         capacityIncrement : oldCapacity);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

5 对Enumeration的支持不同。Vector支持通过Enumeration去遍历,而List不支持

Vector中实现Enumeration的代码如下:

/**
     * Returns an enumeration of the components of this vector. The
     * returned {@code Enumeration} object will generate all items in
     * this vector. The first item generated is the item at index {@code 0},
     * then the item at index {@code 1}, and so on.
     *
     * @return  an enumeration of the components of this vector
     * @see     Iterator
     */
    public Enumeration<E> elements() {
        return new Enumeration<E>() {
            int count = 0;

            public boolean hasMoreElements() {
                return count < elementCount;
            }

            public E nextElement() {
                synchronized (Vector.this) {
                    if (count < elementCount) {
                        return elementData(count++);
                    }
                }
                throw new NoSuchElementException("Vector Enumeration");
            }
        };
    }

Java 集合系列 07 List总结(LinkedList, ArrayList等使用场景和性能分析)

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