复习新托福iBT英文写作经验汇总

复习IBT作文经验汇总

    如果有人问,托福各项成绩中,哪项最容易得到提高,我觉得就是托福作文.当然,这个提高是要在一定基础上的.这个基础不是说你现在作文能得多少分,而是说只要你有一定的词汇量,一些基础的语法知识,在中小学语文作文没有经常不及格,那么,在一个月内把20分的作文提高到25分以上不说是易入反掌,也是唾手可得.

    IBT作文,其实就是美国八股文.首先,我们要知道,IBT作文考查的是一个准备在美国大学里读书的学生能不能用英语把思想观点基本表达清楚,是为了保证该学生将来在交作业时,美国教授不会对着该学生的作业惊为天书.所以,完全没有必要把IBT作文做为你出奇出新的舞台.观点再新颖,结构再奇巧,也没有太大用处

    基于上面所述的考查目的,那种担心考官要看成百上千的作文,如果你的作文不能在成百上千的文章中鹤立鸡群的话,将无法得到一个好分,是完全多余的.阅卷者只是在阅读你的作文时希望能读懂你在说什么,没有他看着刺眼的语法和拼写错误,你的作文基本上就25分了.如果好能稍稍有点句式的变化,用一点稍微ADADEMIC的词句,就基本上可以到28,9分了.

具体做法:

    首先,BULLETIN上所有的题目过一遍,第一遍很快地过一遍,对所有的题目有个大致印象.

    然后,过第二遍时,根据第一遍的印象将所有的题目分类,分几大类就可以了,不用太细,因为你后面会发现,题目不说是千篇一律,说它十篇一律绝不过分.

    以上两步,三天可以完成.然后对每类问题,开始确定自己的观点.虽然在准备的过程中,可能会觉得某种观点更好写因此而转变观点,越早能确定自己的观点越好.因为我们的时间和弹药有限,要集中消灭敌人.

    在观点确定以后,要设想每道题目自己论述观点的例子和理由,有三到四条既可.不需要太详细.如果想出太多理由的,一定要做好取舍,不要想面面俱到.

   

     然后就可以正式开始练习了.每天,从每组中选两题.第一题,一定要试图在规定时间内写完,不要管自己觉得有多差,这是让你对时间概念有个感觉.同时也知道自己在规定时间内作文的缺陷到底在哪里.规定时间内写完一篇后,给自己最充足的时间来修改,从结构上,造句上,用词上,翻着词典,寻找范围,可劲儿地改.在改的过程中,要密切注意自己在时间范围内写完的作文中的语法错误.改完后,对照前后两个版本,总结自己的主要缺陷是什么.是有论点不会论述,还是心里知道中文怎么说,却不知道怎么变成英文句子,还是句子的结构没有问题,但总有些关键字不知道怎么拼.将自己修改的地方要牢记(自己改的,不牢记也记牢了).几个小时后,写同类的第二篇,这遍不用太严格按照时间,主要是为了看看自己能不能把在第一篇修改后的学到的东西用到第二篇中.因为是同一类题目,应该是有很多地方能够马上应用到的.写完后,这篇不用太花时间修改,除非你觉得有些新的东西,而且是很普遍的东西,值得查找一番.

 

    以上方法可以把每类练完再练另一类,但我个人推荐每类练四篇,就练另一类,以备我们最后时间不够,没法把大部分题目练完.在用上面这种方法练习了十几篇后,你已经不会觉得在30分钟内写300字左右是件登天难事.不管好坏,你基本已经保证,你能把一篇IBT作文写出来.

 

    在练习过十几篇后,对自己的情况做个总结.在前期对论点和论据准备充分的情况下,这时候见到题目不应该和有犹疑不决不知道说什么的情况.所以这时候的一种普遍情况是,想说的太多,不知如何取舍.注意前面总结过的TWE的特点,你选什么样的理由的不过分,你说你喜欢在图书馆看书而不喜欢在家里看书是因为在图书馆能看到更多的漂亮MM都是有理有据的.没有哪个理由比哪个理由更好的问题,只要你的理由和你的论点直接相关.如果你东西写出一堆,但是上下文逻辑不清楚,条理不通顺.你可以先试试把你要写的作文用两百来字的中文写写看.这是为了看清到底自己是英文表达的问题,还是思想本来就不清晰.对于那种中文意思心里清楚,但要说成英文却颇犯踌躇的情况,试着做做汉译英练习.可以把那些有中文参考译文的结构该错句子拿来联系,看中文译文,翻译成英文.看自己的翻译和原文的区别并体会.即练了英语表达,又丰富了句式.另外我个人还推荐新概念第四册,篇篇经典.

 

    贯穿整个过程,平时在做阅读练习时,留意可以利用的背景,例子,句子,短语.IBT的作文不需要用生辟的词来突显水平.恰恰相反,在同时有简单和复杂的词都可以达意的时候,要优先选简单的词.这也是现在英语界提倡的PLAIN ENGLISH的方向和目标.记短语和固定用法比记单词有效,记句子比短语更有效.句子不是要完全背出原句,而是用它来帮助理解短语和固定用法.

    在练习了25-30篇后,你已经到了另一番境界.这时你不会再觉得写出一篇结构完整,条理通顺的IBT作文是什么难事.这时,你要对你文中出现的语法错误进行痛心疾首的反省.对自己文中的每个句子要象做语法改错一样挑错误.每找到一个,抽自己一下.对常犯的错误,要在今后用时,格外小心.

    如果你的托福结构改错错误在3个以内,阅读错误在4个以内,你用了以上的方法练习作文50篇后,你要是拿不到25分以上,你来找我.(不过我概不负责就是了)

    在做以上两步时,做好笔记,留下一定的空间,以备将来补充.以上两步花一个星期.

八项注意:

 

1)       在正式考试时,见到题目绝对不允许还在想我要支持哪个观点.或者问你你最喜欢的是什么,你在考试时还在想,这也挺好,那也不错.这个问题在第一阶段就要解决,见到题目就要开始组织结构了

 

2)       在观点或倾向决定后,绝不允许还在想我用什么理由来说明论述.要选用的理由在第二阶段就基本上已经确定.虽然个别会在后来阶段修改.但不要在考试的时候还没有确定.

 

3)       不要在局部纠缠不清,不要怕自己的给出的理由是不是很能说服人,只要是直接相关的理由,再个人观点也没关系.不要怕论据有缺陷,会遭人反驳,没人会有功夫去反驳你,只要你自己不在文章里反驳自己.(就是说自己不要前后矛盾)

 

4)       完整的结构最重要.一定要保证在规定的时间内写出有头有尾的文章.局部段落写得再精彩,如果缺了结尾,肯定4分以下.

 

5)       句式可以有一定的变化,不要冒险去用太复杂的长句.也就是说不要试图把太多的东西表达在一个句子中.这样不但容易意思表达不清,也容易犯语法错误.

 

6)       用词达意为最高原则.不用故意去用自己觉得有文彩的词.不仅是因为有可能用法掌握不当,而且有可能会造成语境不符.即使用法正确,个别地方用词风格突兀,反而使全篇平衡失调.就象一般学生作文里突然出现国务院办公厅公文的文风,会让人感到怪异.

 

7)       注意简练.刚开始练习时,会还怕没有东西可写,所以罗里罗唢罗圈话说一堆,象是把对方当学龄前儿童对待.简练文章才能清晰.可以试着把自己写的文章,要求自己用最少的字重新写一遍,意思不能有损失.看自己到底说了多少费话.

 

8)       拼写要注意,不要认为拼写错误是小节.错误的拼写是最影响直接印象的错误之一.

 

写作中常用的句子

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,每组句式的功能相同或相似,考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的12个,做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

 

1.表示原因

1There are three reasons for this

2The reasons for this are as follows

3The reason for this is obvious

4The reason for this is not far to seek

5The reason for this is that...

6We have good reason to believe that...

例如:

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our lifeFirstlypeoples living standard has been greatly improvedSecondlymost people are well paid and they can afford what they need or likeLast but not leastmore and more people prefer to enjoy modern life

注:如考生写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

 

2.表示好处

1It has the following advantages

2It does us a lot of good

3It benefits us quite a lot

4It is beneficial to us

5It is of great benefit to us

例如:

Books are like friendsThey can help us know the world betterand they can open our minds and widen our horizonsThereforereading extensively is of great benefit to us

 

3.表示坏处

1It has more disadvantages than advantages

2It does us much harm

3It is harmful to us

例如:

Howevereverything divides into twoTelevision can also be harmful to usIt can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television

 

4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1It is importantnecessarydifficultconvenient possiblefor sbto do sth

2We think it necessary to do sth

3It plays an important role in our life

例如:

Computers are now being used everywherewhether in the governmentin schools or in businessSoon computers will be found in every hometooWe have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age

 

5.表示措施

1We should take some effective measures

2We should try our best to overcomeconquerthe difficulties

3We should do our utmost in doing sth

4We should solve the problems that we are confrontedfacedwith

例如:

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more seriousThereforewe must take some effective measures to solve it

 

6.表示变化

1Some changes have taken place in the past five years

2A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications

3The computer has brought about many changes in education

例如:

Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five yearsThe major reasons for these changes are not far to seekNowadaysmore and more people are switching from grain to meat for proteinand from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins

 

7.表示事实、现状

1We cannot ignore the fact that...

2No one can deny the fact that...

3There is no denying the fact that...

4This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in

5Howeverthats not the case

例如:

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollutionTo solve these problems we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollutionThe government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment

 

8.表示比较

1Compared with AB...

2I prefer to read rather than watch TV

3There is a striking contrast between them

例如:

Compared with carsbicycles have several advantages besides being affordableFirstlythey do not consume natural resources of petroleumSecondlythey do not cause the pollution problemLast but not leastthey contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise

 

9.表示数量

1It has increaseddecreasedfrom...to...

2The population in this city has now increased decreasedto 800000

3The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January

例如:

With the improvement of the living standardthe proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased

再如:

From the graph listed aboveit can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000

 

10.表示看法

1People havetakeadoptassumedifferent attitudes towards sth

2People have different opinions on this problem

3People take different views ofonthe question

4Some people believe that...Others argue that...

例如:

People have different attitudes towards failureSome believe that failure leads to success

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavorHowever others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers

再如:

Do lucky numbers really bring good luckDifferent people have different views on it

注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始,考生应掌握这一写作方法

 

11.表示结论

1In shortit can be said that ...

2It may be briefly summed up as follows

3From what has been mentioned abovewe can come to the conclusion that ...

例如:

From what has been mentioned abovewe can come to the conclusion that examination is necessaryhowever its method should be improved

注:例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句;例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。

 

12.套语

1It’s well known to us that ...

2As is known to us,...

3This is a topic that is being widely talked about

4From the graphtablechartlisted aboveit can be seen that ...

5As a proverb says,“Where there is a willthere is a way

例如:

As is well known to usit is important for the students to know the world outside campus

The reason for this is obviousNowadaysthe society is changing and developing rapidlyand the campus is no longer an ivory towerAs college studentswe must get in touch with the world outside the campusOnly in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate

再如:

Does it pay to be honestThis is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it

 

摆脱写作中的垃圾词汇

    相信大家都有这样的感受,明明是背了很多的单词,可写作文时,总是用一些高中或小学的词汇。(又称垃圾词汇),为了更好的克服这样的情况,我总结了一些常用的替代语,希望对大家有所帮助:

 

垃圾词汇1:help

典型例句:I"ll help you .

替代语 accommodate  E.g.: I’ll endeavor to accommodate you.

  

垃圾词汇2: helpful

典型例句:Sth is helpful (to sb)

替代语 conducive E.g. Sth is conducive to sb

鉴于考研作文多关于道德和品格塑造,再给出两个有用的短语:

time-honored 时代赋予的

do credit to our forbears 继承先辈的优秀传统

  

垃圾词汇3:show

典型例句:as it shows in the picture

替代语 betray

  

垃圾词汇4:think

典型例句:I think ---- ----

替代语deem E.g. He deemed that it was his duty to help. 他认为他有责任加以援助.

  

垃圾词汇5:ugly

典型例句:xxx is ugly

替代语 hideous

  

垃圾词汇6:by the way

典型例句:by the way,....

替代语 incidentally,....

  

垃圾词汇7: because

典型例句:xxx because xxx

替代语 in that/in as much as

  

垃圾词汇8: consider

典型例句: We must consider xxx

替代语: allow for E.g. : We must allow for xxx

  

垃圾词汇9: much

典型例句: there has been a much increase in the world population

替代语:there has been a drastic increase in the -----

  

垃圾词汇10: about

典型例句:it is about 250 times of that

替代语 it is approximately ---

  

垃圾词汇11: buy

替代语purchase

 

写作8原则

1.Organize your thoughts before writing: brainstormmake an outlineetc.

下笔前整合思绪:脑力激荡,写出纲要等。

 

 

2. Write clearly. Be concise. Avoid wordiness.

写作清晰,务必精简,避免赘言。

 

3. Use good grammar and write complete sentences.

使用好的文法,写出完整句子。

 

4. Write simple sentences. Avoid a fancy style.

尝试简单句,避免花俏的句法。

 

5.Avoid slangcliché and informal words.

避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

 

6. Avoid use of the first person (i.e. I/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece

除非必要,避免使用第一人称:如“我/我的”。

 

7. Writing naturally. Read it aloud. Does it sound natural? Does it flow?

自然挥洒,大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

 

8. Move logically from one idea to the next. Don't skip steps.

上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

英语与汉语语篇的差别

 

    有专家总结了一个很好的东西,叫形合与意合。英语就是属于形合语言,当然,汉语就属于意合语言了。什么是形合什么是意合呢?所谓形合,就是说英语需要形式的合拍。我经常讲一句话,就是,英语是逻辑语言,法制语言,很讲究根据的,这个主要是因为西方语言是在希腊罗马文化背景下发 展出来,以前的什么逻辑学呢数学呢都对这个语言产生了巨大的影响。

 

    一般认为嘛 ,英语的来源有三个点,第一个是希腊罗马神话,第二个呢,是圣经,第三个则是 我们熟悉的大作家莎士比亚[目前尚且存在争议,有的人认为莎士比亚是个创作组,有的认为呢,是另外一个人找的替代名字等等]。正是因为英语有这个发展的脉络所以注定了它的形合。

 

    形合语言非常重视结构上的完整和表达的科学性。比如说,英语中经常交代连接词告诉你为什么这样,我吃饭,因为饿了。因此,英语在交代一个事情的时候往往更注重其科学性或逻辑性。比如 "When they get to the top branches, they fly down to the base of the next tree and spiral up again. " 在交代到下棵树的时候,他交代了动作,先下来down,然后再to 靠近。分解这个动作的本身是为了逻辑的表达准确。

 

    而相反,我们汉语却没有这么讲究,我们可以直接说“飞奔到了那附近的一克树下”,这在外国人理解起来有点费解。再比如,在英语中的不少介词诸如intoonto, within, without 都有两层意思, into其实先是 to[接近],然后才能 in[进入]

 

汉语却不这样了,比如,毛泽东在《改造我们的学习》中就有很多人所谓的“病句” ,即不懂语法。既然语法上讲不通,为什么全国人民却能很容易读懂呢?这个正说明了我们汉语的意合。即,只求意义的整合,不求逻辑的严密。

 

定语从句易犯的小错误

   由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂,初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误,最常见的有如下七种:

一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。如:   

  1.误:Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come

  正:Some of the boys I invited didn’t come

  译:我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。

  析:应删去them,因为从句的宾语是省略了的whomwhothat  

  2.误:The book that you need it is in the library

  正:The book that you need is in the library

  译:你需要的书在图书馆里。

  析:应删去it,因为从句的宾语是关系代词that

 

二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如:  

  1.误:Anyone who break the law will be punished

  正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished

  译:任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。

  析:应改breakbreaks,因为whoanyone,是单数。  

  2.误:Those who has finished may go home

  正:Those who have finished may go home

  译:做完了的人现在可以回家。

  析:应改hashave,因为whothose,是复数。  

  3.误:He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school

  正:He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school

  译:他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。

  析:应改knowknows,因为one前有the only之类限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰 的是the only one,是单数,而不是复数名词the teachers  

  4.误:This is one of the rooms that is free now

  正:This is one of the rooms that are free now

  译:这是目前空着的房间之一。

  析:应改isare,因为one前没有the only之类的限定词,定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms,而不是单数one

 

三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。如:   

  1.误:Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth

  正:Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth

  译:吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。

  析:应加上关系代词whothat,因为从句少主语,且主语不能省略。  

  2.误:The key opens the bike is missing

  正:The key thatwhich opens the bike is missing

  译:开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。

析:应加上关系代词thatwhich,因为从句少主语,且主语不能省略。

 

四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如:   

  1.误:The house where he lives in needs repairing

  正:The house where he lives needs repairing

  或:The house he lives in needs repairing

  译:他住的房子需要修理。

  析:应保留where,删去从句中的in,因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语,in属多余。或删去关系副词where,因为where在这里的意思是in which,否则介词in就重复了。

2.误:I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing

  正:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing

  或:I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing

  译:我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。

  析:应删去on,因为when在这里的意思是on which,否则介词on就重复了,或把when改为which  

 

五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。   

  1.误:I still remember the day when we spent together

  正:I still remember the day thatwhich we spent together

  译:我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。

  析:应改whenthatwhich,因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词,其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。  

  2.误:This is the house where we lived in last year

  正:This is the house whichthat we lived in last year

  译:这是我们去年住过的那个房子。

  析:应改wherewhichthat,因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in,其后少介词宾语,而不是地点状语。

 

六、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如:   

  1.误:Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence

  正:Have you asked her for the reason thatwhich may explain her absence

  译:你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因?

  析:应改whythatwhich,因为定语从句缺少主语,而不是少原因状语。      2.误:I dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late

  正:I dont believe the reason thatwhich he has given for his being late

  译:我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。

  析:应改whythatwhich,因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语,而不是缺少原因状语

 

七、误将强调句型当定语从句。如:

  1.误:It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out

  正:It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out

  译:大火发生在厨房。

  析:应将wherethat,因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此题是强调句型,而非定语从句。  

  2.误:Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come

  正:Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come

  译:你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来?

析:应将when改为that,因为,原句还原为Because it snowed last nightyou didn’t come后,在语法和句意上均成立,故此题是强调句型而非定语从句

 

英语写作中的修辞

 

    修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段,而且运用得好,会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此,掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说,主要应该掌握以下修辞手段,又称语句辞格,包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格,转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。

 

1 对比

    正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思,因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况,就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句,实现语句的亮点。

1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,可以这样达:

Many people will soon find them rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.

(注:句中rich in ragged in, goods spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

 

2)如“利远远大于弊”,可以这样表达:

The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.

(注:句中 the advantages the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

 

3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,可以这样表达:

They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a more important fact.

(注:句中have noticed have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。)

 

4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”,可以这样表达:

It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.

(注:句中negative positive具有正反对比的关系和效果)

 

5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友,又有与我们很为不同的朋友”,可以这样表达:

We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.

(注: 句中similar to different from具有正反对比的关系和效果)

 

2.排比

 

    英文中有时也使用排比句式,这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达:

    Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.

 

3.重复

 

    英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。

 

1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达:

Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.

(注:此句为句首重复,重复部分为句首的now it the time to )

 

2)如“我们渴望成功,而且正在为成功而努力工作”,可以这样表达:

We long for success and we are working hard for success.

(注:此句为句尾重复,重复的部分为句尾的for success.)

 

3)如“我相信我们能够成功,我相信我们也一定会成功”,可以这样表达:

I am convinced that we can succeed, and I am convinced that we must succeed.

(注:and 所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复,重复的部分为句首的 I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)

 

4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代,而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”,可以这样表达:

We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.

(注:and 之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复,重复部分为a new era.)

 

4. 倒装

    这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的,没有自由选择的余地,只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装,是进行强调的一种手段,它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如,如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”,可以这样表达:

Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.

 

5.转义

    转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段,主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等,比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等

 

1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”,英文可为:

What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.

(注:此句采用明喻,明喻的特点是使用了like一词)

 

2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”,英文可为:

Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.

(注:此句采用暗喻,暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻,与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)

 

3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”,英文可为:

I am reading Shakespeare.

(注:此句采用换喻,换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称,使用通过联想理解其含义,但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)

 

4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”,英文可为:

A hand is needed here.

(注:此句采用提喻,提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)

 

5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”,英文可为:

A great misfortune crept over the whole city.

(注:此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化)

 

6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”,英文可为:

This is really a great stupid idea.

(注:此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说,具有讽刺意味)

 

7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”,英文可为:

I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.

(注:此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)

 

如何写出通顺的英语作文

    英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面,也是语言能力测定的重要手段,衡量写作水平的

标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料,语法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。

    书面语言表达一般分为三个过程:思维、组织、表达。先是思维,把要写的东西在脑中

思考,这往往是个别的,孤立的一些素材,很凌乱琐碎;因此要对此进行组织,把这些思维

作出整理,使其条理、系统化,但这还是较粗糙的,可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误;最

后才是表达,把组织过的材料仔细推敲,确无问题了再落笔成文。在撰写时要注意主谓语一

致,时态呼应,用词贴切等,这就是写作。上述的三个过程,最难的就是第三个过程,这需

要我们有较好的语法知识,掌握一定数量的句型,习惯用语,熟练的写作技巧,这样才能写

出通顺生动的文章来。

    总之,要提高英语写作水平,需要两方面的训练:一是语言基础方面的训练,要有扎实

的造句、翻译等基本功,即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子;二是写作知识和能力

方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。

    那么,究竟怎样才能写好作文呢?  

    阅读优秀范文  

    首先要搞好阅读。阅读是写作的基础,在阅读方面下的功夫越深,驾驭语言的能力也就

越强。所以要写好英语先要读好英语,在语言学习方面狠下苦功,教科书要读透,因为教科

书中的文章都是一些很好的范文,文笔流畅,语言规范,精彩的一些课文段落要背诵。再就

是要进行大量课外阅读,并记住一些好文章的篇章结构。  

    加强练词造句训练  

   其次,要加强练词造句的训练。词句对作文相当于造房的材料,无好材料就造不出好房

子。平时在学习阅读时要注意收集积累,把好的词语、短语、句型做好笔记。平时在练习中

的错误也要做好记录,再对照正确句子,使地道的英语句子如同条件反射,落笔就对。  

了解英语写作格式  

还有,要了解英语写作的不同体裁与格式。可以先看一本介绍英

语写作入门的书,对英语写作有一个初步的概念,如怎么写议论文,如何提出论据,如何展

开,如何确定中心句;又如,英语信的格式,如何根据不同身份写不同结束语等,然后根据

不同的体裁进行写作练习。  

    用英语写日记  

   要养成记英语日记勤练笔的好习惯。经常用英语记日记,等于天天在练笔,这无疑是提

高英语协作的行之有效的好办法。在记日记时,不要总是用简单句,要有意识地用一些好的

词组、句型、关联词和复合句等,使文句更优美生动。还有要按照题目或所给情景写文章练

笔。写好后对照范文,找出差距,然后再练习,这对提高英语作文也很有帮助,在游泳中学

会游泳,只有多练习才能练好。  

    总之,平时学习语言素材积累多了,体裁格式记住了又经常练习不断提高,到作文下笔

时就会得心应手,水到渠成。

 

语句的扩展

    英文段落中的各个语句在长度上应该有一定变换,即所谓的长短句之说。短句给人以精炼强调之感,长句则给人以严谨深刻之感。一般说来,长句有两种情况,一种是由于结构复杂而形成的长句,多见于书面语;还有一种是由简单句扩展而成以使语句表达得更加生动和清楚,主要出现在口语的表达中。

    例如,有人曾请两个人用英文表达同一内容:“今有一物,不知其数,三三数之余二;五五数之余三;七七数之余二。问物几何?

 

第一个人的英文表达很书面化:

We have a number of things which, counted by threes, leave two; by fives, leave three; and by sevens, leave two. Find the number.

 

第二个人的英文表达使用了比较长的语句:

We have things of which we do not know the number. If we count them by threes, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by fives, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by sevens, they leave a re-minder of two. How many things are there?

 

    英文写作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句过多,不仅使得段落显得单调,而且使得段落非常零散、内容浅薄。如果一旦发现段落中尽是写短句的话,这时就需要将某些简短的语句扩展成比较长的句子。语句的扩展主要是在语句的主干上增添修饰成分(如定语、状语等)。有些语句适宜用增添修饰成分的方法进行扩展,但增添修饰成分不应有斧凿之痕,应该使原句更加感觉有血有肉。

 

1 ) You should stop smoking now.

你现在应该戒烟了。

 

如要扩展此句,可以这样进行:

"You should give up smoking now, for the sake of your own health, for the sake of the health of others, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the entire world. "

为了你自己的健康,为了他人的健康,为了你的家庭,也为了整个世界,你现在应该戒烟了。

 

2) Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby, while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.

医生认为爱好活动的人应该有安静型的业余爱好,而伏案工作的人应该有着活动型的业余爱好。

 

如要扩展此句,可以这样来进行:

Doctors think that an active person, such as a baseball player or a swimmer, should have a restful hobby such as reading, collections of stamps, dolls, buttons or shells, etc. , while a person who sits at a desk all day, such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as tennis, golf, swimming or skating.

医生认为,像棒球选手或游泳运动员这类爱好活动的人应该有安静型的业余爱好,比如阅读、收藏邮票、收藏布娃娃、收藏钮扣、收藏贝壳等,而整日伏案工作的人如教师或医生,就应该有打网球、打高尔夫球、游泳或者滑冰这类活动型的业余爱好。

 

3 ) A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.

一个碰到问题的孩子有可能到朋友那里寻求同情。

 

如要扩展此句,可以这样来进行:

A child with a problem, then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism, will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice, leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.

一个碰到问题的孩子,当他觉得他从他的父母那里得到的有可能是不理解或者批评的时候,就会去找他的朋友们寻求同情和建议,而其父母对其问题却全然不知。

 

4) We can be informed of a lot by reading books.

通过阅读书籍我们可以了解很多东西。

 

如要扩展此句,可以这样来进行:

By reading scientific books, we can be informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth’s surface, forms, physical features,

etc.; by reading history, we are told of the growth of the nations.

 

通过阅读科技书籍,我们可以了解许多事实。通过阅读地理,我们知道了地球的表面、结构和地貌特征等。通过阅读历史,我们了解到世界的发展过程。

 

5) We'd better to keep company with the true friends.

我们最好和对我们有帮助的朋友交往。

 

如要扩展此句,可以这样进行:

As friends are both helpful and disastrous, it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful, encouraging and loyal, but to avoid those who are mean, stingy and treacherous.

 

由于既有有助于我们的朋友,也有有害于我们的朋友,因此我们最好和那些对我们有所帮助、有所鼓励和忠实的真正朋友交往,而要避免和那些庸的、吝啬的、奸诈的人交往。 

 

英语写作常见错误与分析

下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析.

一. 不一致(Disagreements

所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等.

例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .

(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)

剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.

改为: Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)

 

 

二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers

英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末.

 

 

三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments

在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.

例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.

剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句.

改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.

 

 

四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.

改为:

When I was ten, my grandfather died.

例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.

剖析:句中不定式短语 to do well in college 的逻辑主语不清楚.

改为:

To do well in college, a student needs good grades.

 

 

五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.

例1. None can negative the importance of money.

剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。

改为:

None can deny the importance of money.

 

 

六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:

We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

 

 

七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)

什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。

例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world.

剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways. 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。

改为:

There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:

There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world

 

 

八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.

(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用) 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

改为:

The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

 

 

九. 累赘(Redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:

In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.

本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.

例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.

剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。

改为:

Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.

 

 

十. 不连贯(Incoherence)

不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。

例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.

剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It things 在数方面不一致。

改为:

Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.

 

 

十一. 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)

所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。

例1.       Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’ eat, cloth, live, go

 

必背内容

1.增补(Addition)

in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

 

2.比较(Comparison)

in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as

 

3.对照(Contrast)

whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while

 

4.因果(Cause and effect)

because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus

 

5.强调(Emphasis)

certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important

 

6.让步(Concession)

although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

 

7.例证(Exemplification)

for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration.

 

8.总结(Conclusion)

to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

 

9.推断(Inference)

therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise

 

10.时间和空间(Time and space)

afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

 

大家在使用这些词的时候要先弄清哪些是副词,哪些是连词.(副词不可以连接两个句子,连词可以.)

 

以下是按照另外一种角度来概括

启承转合

 

A proverb says...... At present.......

As the proverb says.... Currently.....

Generally speaking, .... Now,....

In general, ..... On the Whole....

It is clear that.... Recently.....

It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......

 

 

First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........

Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....

In the first place, ......... Obviously.....

To begin with, ......... Of course, .........

Also, ....... Similarly,.........

At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....

Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......

In addition,..... What`s more, ..........

In fact........ It can be easily proved that...

Meanwhile......

 

 

But... Still, ......

But the problem is not so simple...

There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to.......

However, ....... To our surprise,..........

Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......

On the other hand, .......

Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........

Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....

 

 

Above all, In brief, ........

Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........

All in all, .......

In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........

As a consequence, ......... In short, .........

As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........

In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....

Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....

On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........

Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........

To conclude, ...... Finally, ........

To sum up, ..... In a word, ......

To summarize, ........

 

 

 

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

 

  ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

 

  例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

 

  海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

 

  Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

 

  张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

 

  二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

 

  Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

 

  例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

 

  没有比接受教育更重要的事。

 

  三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

 

  (再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)

 

  例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

 

  我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

 

  四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...

 

  例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

 

  不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

 

  五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...

 

  例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

 

  全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

 

  六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...

 

  例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

 

  毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

 

  七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 ...的优点是...

 

  例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution.

 

  使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

 

  八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 ...的原因是...

 

  例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

 

  The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

 

  我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

 

  九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...

 

  例句:So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

 

  时间是如此珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。

 

  十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...

 

  例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

 

  {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

 

  虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

 

  十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

 

  The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈......

 

  例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.

 

  你愈努力,你愈进步。

 

  The more books we read, the more learned we become.

 

  我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。

 

  十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着.....能够..

 

  例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

 

  借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

 

  十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V ..使..能够..

 

  例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

 

  听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

 

  十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...

 

  例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

 

  我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

 

  十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了)

 

  例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

 

  该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

 

十六、Those who ~~~ ...的人...

 

  例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

 

  违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

 

  十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...

 

  例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.

 

  没有人不渴望上大学。

 

  十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...

 

  例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

 

  既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。

 

  十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的)

 

  It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)

 

  It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)

 

  例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

 

  可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

 

  二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因)

 

  例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.

 

  夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

 

  二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来,...一直...

 

  例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

 

  过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。

 

  二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。

 

  例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

 

  自从他上高中,他一直很用功。

 

  二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ ...是值得的。)

 

  例句:It pays to help others.

 

  帮助别人是值得的。

 

  二十四、be based on (以...为基础)

 

  例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

 

  社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

 

  二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)

 

  We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

 

  我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

 

  二十六、bring home to + + (让...明白...事)

 

  例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

 

  我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

 

  二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关)

 

  例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.

 

  做运动与健康息息相关。

 

  二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯)

 

  We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

 

  我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

 

  二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ (因为...

 

  例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

 

  因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。

 

  三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么...!)

 

  例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

 

  How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

 

  遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

 

  三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)

 

  例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

 

  我们的交通状况令人不满意。

 

  三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响)

 

  例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.

 

  抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

 

  三十三、do good to (对...有益),do harm to (对...有害)

 

  例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

 

  Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

 

  三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁)

 

  例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

 

  污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

 

  三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去...

 

  例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

 

  我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

 
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