面对对象的3个特性

继承性、封装性（概念比较抽象）、多态性

#继承性

class People():
    sum = 0
    def __init__(self,age,gender = 'Male'):
        self.age = age
        self.gender = gender
    
    def get_gender(self):
        print(self.gender)
    

class Students(People):      
  #People为Students的父类，反之子类
  #  sum = 0
   # def __init__(self,name):
   #     self.name = name
    #    self.__class__.sum += 1
   
    def go_to_sleep(self):
        print('Go to sleep.')
        
John = Students(10)
print(John.sum)       #继承了父类的sum,子类对象调用父类类变量
print(Students.sum)        #子类直接调用父类类变量
John.get_gender()        #调用父类方法

一个父类可以有多个子类，子类又有多个子子类
一个子类可以有多个父类，即多继承

非主流继承方式、因为如果改变父类、子类内部要大改，不方便

class People():
    sum = 0
    def __init__(self,age,race,gender):
        self.age = age
        self.race = race
        self.gender = gender
    
    def get_info(self):
        print(self.age,self.race,self.gender)
        
class Students(People):        #People为Students的父类，反之子类
    def __init__(self,name,school,age,race,gender):
        People.__init__(self,age,race,gender) 
        #这里加self是类来调用实例方法，不加的话，实例方法不知道是哪个对象在调用自己
        self.name = name
      
    def go_to_sleep(self):
        print('Go to sleep.')
        
John = Students('John','Fudan',18,'Oriental','Male')
John.get_info()
    

主流继承方式，用super（）函数

class People():
    sum = 0
    def __init__(self,age,race,gender):
        self.age = age
        self.race = race
        self.gender = gender
    
    def get_info(self):
        print(self.age,self.race,self.gender)
        
    def testing(self):
        print('This is a parent method.')
        
class Students(People):       
    def __init__(self,name,school,age,race,gender):
        super(Students,self).__init__(age,race,gender) 
        self.name = name
        self.school = school
      
    def go_to_sleep(self):
        print('Go to sleep.')
        
    def testing(self):
        super(Students,self).testing()     #同名父类方法的调用方法，任用super函数
        print('This is a child method.')   
        
John = Students('John','Fudan',18,'Oriental','Male')
John.get_info()
John.testing()             #子类，父类方法同名，子类的方法会覆盖父类方法