栈(Stack)是限定只能在表的一端进行插入和删除操作的线性表。在表中,允许插入和删除的一端称作“栈顶(top)”,不允许插入和删除的另一端称作“栈底(bottom)”。
通常称往栈顶插入元素的操作为“入栈”,称删除栈顶元素的操作为“出栈”。因为后入栈的元素先于先入栈的元素出栈,故被称为是一种“后进先出”的结构,因此又称 LIFO 表(Last In First Out的缩写)。
和线性表类似,栈也有两种存储表示:顺序栈和链栈。
顺序存储结构简称为顺序栈。和顺序表类似,对顺序栈也需要事先为它分配一个可以容纳最多元素的存储空间。用图表示顺序栈如下:
链栈即为栈的链式存储结构。
顺序栈的实现依靠数组,而数组需要事先声明长度,一次性地静态地分配内存空间。这样就给我们带来很多不便。因为我们事先并不能精确地估计栈所需的大小,估计大了浪费空间,估计小了后果就严重了,导致程序无法正常运行。所以我们通常使用链栈这种数据结构。
链栈用链表作为存储结构,栈初始化时仅需给栈顶指针分配内存空间,而后每当有数据入栈时再为该数据分配空间,这样实现了内存空间的动态分配。理论上栈的大小可以是无限大的(小心撑爆你的内存 o(∩_∩)o)。不存在顺序栈的诸多问题。
程序实现:依次把0~99压栈,再依次出栈并打印。
程序清单:LinkStack.h LinkStackTest.c
LinkStack.h
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LinkStackTest.c
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}
}