空投与转账：Solana代币核心概念及代码实战精解

// 生成代币密钥对
const mintKeypair = Keypair.generate();

// 获取最小租金豁免金额
const lamports = await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

// 创建代币指令
const tokenInstructions = [
  // 创建Mint账户
  SystemProgram.createAccount({
    fromPubkey: publicKey,  // 用户钱包
    newAccountPubkey: mintKeypair.publicKey,
    space: MINT_SIZE,
    lamports,
    programId: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
  }),
  // 初始化Mint
  createInitializeMint2Instruction(
    mintKeypair.publicKey,
    tokenDecimals,  // 代币小数位数
    publicKey,      // Mint权限
    publicKey,      // Freeze权限
    TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
  )
];

// 创建并发送交易
const transaction = new Transaction().add(...tokenInstructions);
transaction.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
transaction.feePayer = publicKey;

const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection, {
  signers: [mintKeypair],
});

// 等待确认
await connection.confirmTransaction({signature}, 'confirmed');

2.2. 添加元数据核心代码

// 获取元数据账户地址
const metadataPDA = getMetadataPDA(mintKeypair.publicKey);

// 创建元数据指令
const metadataInstruction = createCreateMetadataInstruction(
  metadataPDA,
  mintKeypair.publicKey,
  publicKey,        // 授权者
  publicKey,        // 支付者
  publicKey,        // 更新权限
  tokenName,        // 代币名称
  tokenSymbol,      // 代币符号
  tokenURI          // 元数据URI
);

// 发送元数据交易
const transaction = new Transaction().add(metadataInstruction);
transaction.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
transaction.feePayer = publicKey;

const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);
await connection.confirmTransaction({signature}, 'confirmed');

2.3. 空投代币核心代码

// 计算代币数量（考虑小数位）
const tokenAmount = BigInt(Math.floor(airdropAmount * (10 ** tokenDecimals)));

// 分批处理地址（每批5个）
const batchSize = 5;
for (let i = 0; i < validAddresses.length; i += batchSize) {
  const batch = validAddresses.slice(i, i + batchSize);
  const instructions = [];
  
  // 处理每个地址
  for (const address of batch) {
    // 获取关联代币账户地址
    const ataAccount = getAssociatedTokenAddressSync(
      mintKeyPair.publicKey,
      address,
      false,
      TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
      ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
    );
    
    // 检查账户是否存在，不存在则创建
    try {
      await getAccount(connection, ataAccount);
    } catch (err) {
      instructions.push(
        createAssociatedTokenAccountInstruction(
          publicKey,
          ataAccount,
          address,
          mintKeyPair.publicKey,
          TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID,
          ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
        )
      );
    }
    
    // 添加铸币指令
    instructions.push(
      createMintToInstruction(
        mintKeyPair.publicKey,
        ataAccount,
        publicKey,
        tokenAmount,
        [],
        TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
      )
    );
  }
  
  // 发送交易
  const transaction = new Transaction().add(...instructions);
  transaction.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
  transaction.feePayer = publicKey;
  
  const signature = await sendTransaction(transaction, connection);
  await connection.confirmTransaction({signature}, 'confirmed');
}