微分方程
1. 微分算子法快速求特解
f ( x ) = e k x f(x)=e^{kx} f(x)=ekx — 见 D D D 换 k k k
求 y ′ ′ − 4 y ′ + 3 y = 2 e 2 x y^{''}-4y^{'}+3y=2e^{2x} y′′−4y′+3y=2e2x 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 − 4 D + 3 2 e 2 x = − 2 e 2 x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}-4D+3}2e^{2x} =-2e^{2x} y∗=D2−4D+312e2x=−2e2x
求 y ′ ′ + 2 y ′ − 3 y = e − 3 x y^{''}+2y^{'}-3y=e^{-3x} y′′+2y′−3y=e−3x 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 + 2 D − 3 e − 3 x = x 1 2 D + 2 e − 3 x = − 1 4 x e − 3 x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}+2D-3}e^{-3x} =x\frac{1}{2D+2}e^{-3x} =-\frac{1}{4}xe^{-3x} y∗=D2+2D−31e−3x=x2D+21e−3x=−41xe−3x
f ( x ) = sin α x / cos α x f(x)=\sin \alpha x / \cos \alpha x f(x)=sinαx/cosαx — 见 D 2 D^2 D2 换 − a 2 -a^{2} −a2
求 y ′ ′ − y = sin x y^{''}-y=\sin x y′′−y=sinx 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 − 1 sin x = − 1 2 sin x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}-1}\sin x =-\frac{1}{2} \sin x y∗=D2−11sinx=−21sinx
求 y ′ ′ + 4 y = cos 2 x y^{''}+4y=\cos 2x y′′+4y=cos2x 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 + 4 cos 2 x = x 1 2 D cos 2 x = 1 4 x sin 2 x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}+4}\cos 2x =x\frac{1}{2D}\cos 2x =\frac{1}{4}x\sin 2x y∗=D2+41cos2x=x2D1cos2x=41xsin2x
*求 y ′ ′ − 6 y ′ + 9 y = cos x y^{''}-6y^{'}+9y=\cos x y′′−6y′+9y=cosx 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 − 6 D + 9 cos x = 1 8 − 6 D cos x = 8 + 6 D 64 − 36 D 2 cos x = 1 100 ( 8 + 6 D ) cos x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}-6D+9}\cos x =\frac{1}{8-6D}\cos x =\frac{8+6D}{64-36D^{2}}\cos x =\frac{1}{100}(8+6D)\cos x y∗=D2−6D+91cosx=8−6D1cosx=64−36D28+6Dcosx=1001(8+6D)cosx
f ( x ) = P n ( x ) f(x)=P_{n}(x) f(x)=Pn(x) — 1 F ( D ) \frac{1}{F(D)} F(D)1 凑无穷级数代换
求 y ′ ′ + y = − 2 x y^{''}+y=-2x y′′+y=−2x 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 + 1 ( − 2 x ) = 1 1 − ( − D 2 ) ( − 2 x ) = ( 1 − D 2 ) ( − 2 x ) = − 2 x y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}+1}(-2x) =\frac{1}{1-(-D^2)}(-2x) =(1-D^2)(-2x) =-2x y∗=D2+11(−2x)=1−(−D2)1(−2x)=(1−D2)(−2x)=−2x
*求 y ′ ′ + y = x 2 y^{''}+y=x^2 y′′+y=x2 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 + D x 2 = 1 D 1 D + 1 x 2 = 1 D 1 1 − ( − D ) x 2 = 1 D ( 1 − D + D 2 ) x 2 y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}+D}x^{2} =\frac{1}{D}\frac{1}{D+1}x^{2} =\frac{1}{D}\frac{1}{1-(-D)}x^{2} =\frac{1}{D}(1-D+D^2)x^{2} y∗=D2+D1x2=D1D+11x2=D11−(−D)1x2=D1(1−D+D2)x2
*求 y ′ ′ − 2 y ′ + 2 y = x 2 y^{''}-2y^{'}+2y=x^2 y′′−2y′+2y=x2 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 − 2 D + 2 x 2 = 1 2 D 2 − 2 D 2 + 1 x 2 = ( 1 2 − D 2 − 2 D 4 + ( D 2 − 2 D ) 2 8 ) x 2 y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}-2D+2}x^2 =\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{D^{2}-2D}{2}+1}x^2 =(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{D^{2}-2D}{4}+\frac{ (D^{2}-2D)^{2} }{8})x^{2} y∗=D2−2D+21x2=2D2−2D+121x2=(21−4D2−2D+8(D2−2D)2)x2
f ( x ) = e k x v ( x ) f(x)=e^{kx}v(x) f(x)=ekxv(x) — 见 D D D 代 D + k D+k D+k 换位
求 y ′ ′ + y ′ − 2 y = ( 6 x + 2 ) e x y^{''}+y^{'}-2y=(6x+2)e^{x} y′′+y′−2y=(6x+2)ex 特解
解: y ∗ = 1 D 2 + D − 2 ( 6 x + 2 ) e x = 1 ( D − 1 ) ( D + 2 ) ( 6 x + 2 ) e x = e x 1 D ( D + 3 ) ( 6 x + 2 ) = e x 1 D 1 D + 3 ( 6 x + 2 ) y^{*}=\frac{1}{D^{2}+D-2}(6x+2)e^{x} =\frac{1}{(D-1)(D+2)}(6x+2)e^{x} =e^{x}\frac{1}{D(D+3)}(6x+2) =e^{x}\frac{1}{D}\frac{1}{D+3}(6x+2) y∗=D2+D−21(6x+2)ex=(D−1)(D+2)1(6x+2)ex=exD(D+3)1(6x+2)=exD1D+31(6x+2)
y ∗ = e x 1 D ( 1 3 − 1 9 D ) ( 6 x + 2 ) = e x 1 D ( 2 x ) = e x x 2 y^{*}=e^{x}\frac{1}{D}(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{9}D)(6x+2) =e^{x}\frac{1}{D}(2x) =e^{x}x^{2} y∗=exD1(31−91D)(6x+2)=exD1(2x)=exx2
错误做法:
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y^{*}=e^{x}\frac{1}{D}(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{9}D)(6x+2) =e^{x}(\frac{1}{3D}-\frac{1}{9})(6x+2) =e^{x}(x^{2}-\frac{2}{3})
y∗=exD1(31−91D)(6x+2)=ex(3D1−91)(6x+2)=ex(x2−32)
2. 变量替换化简微分方程
用变量代换 x = cos t ( 0 < t < π ) x=\cos t(0<t<\pi) x=cost(0<t<π) 化简微分方程 ( 1 − x 2 ) y ′ ′ − x y ′ + y = 0 (1-x^2)y^{''}-xy^{'}+y=0 (1−x2)y′′−xy′+y=0,并求微分方程的通解
解: y ′ = d y d x = d y d t ⋅ 1 d x / d t = − 1 sin t d y d t y^{'}=\frac{dy}{dx} =\frac{dy}{dt} · \frac{1}{dx/dt} =-\frac{1}{\sin t} \frac{dy}{dt} y′=dxdy=dtdy⋅dx/dt1=−sint1dtdy y ′ ′ = d 2 y d x 2 = 1 d t ( d y d x ) ⋅ 1 d x / d t = ( cos t sin 2 t d y d t − 1 sin t d 2 y d x 2 ) ( − 1 sin t ) = 1 sin 2 t d 2 y d x 2 − cos t sin 3 t d y d t y^{''}=\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}} =\frac{1}{dt}(\frac{dy}{dx}) · \frac{1}{dx/dt} = (\frac{\cos t}{\sin^{2}t}\frac{dy}{dt}-\frac{1}{\sin t}\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}})(-\frac{1}{\sin t}) =\frac{1}{\sin^{2}t}\frac{d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}-\frac{\cos t}{\sin^{3}t}\frac{dy}{dt} y′′=dx2d2y=dt1(dxdy)⋅dx/dt1=(sin2tcostdtdy−sint1dx2d2y)(−sint1)=sin2t1dx2d2y−sin3tcostdtdy
将 y ′ , y ′ ′ y^{'}, y^{''} y′,y′′ 代入原方程,得 d 2 y d t 2 + y = 0 \frac{d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}+y=0 dt2d2y+y=0
特征方程是 λ 2 + 1 = 0 \lambda^{2}+1=0 λ2+1=0,解得 λ = ± i \lambda = ±i λ=±i,于是此方程的通解为 y = C 1 cos t + C 2 sin t y=C_{1}\cos t + C_{2}\sin t y=C1cost+C2sint
从而原方程的通解为 y = C 1 x + C 2 1 − x 2 y=C_{1}x+C_{2}\sqrt{1-x^{2}} y=C1x+C21−x2
3. 含变限积分方程
设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续并满足 f ( t ) = cos 2 t + ∫ 0 t f ( s ) sin s d s f(t)=\cos 2t + \int_{0}^{t} f(s)\sin sds f(t)=cos2t+∫0tf(s)sinsds,求 f ( t ) f(t) f(t)
解:因 f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 连续 → \to → ∫ 0 t f ( s ) sin s d s \int_{0}^{t}f(s)\sin sds ∫0tf(s)sinsds 可导 → \to → f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 可导,因而两边可求导 f ′ ( t ) = − 2 sin 2 t + f ( t ) sin t , 即 f ′ ( t ) + 2 sin 2 t = f ( t ) sin t f^{'}(t)=-2\sin 2t+f(t)\sin t,即 f^{'}(t)+2\sin 2t=f(t)\sin t f′(t)=−2sin2t+f(t)sint,即f′(t)+2sin2t=f(t)sint
一阶线性微分方程 f ( t ) = e − ∫ P ( t ) d t [ C + ∫ Q ( x ) e ∫ P ( t ) d t d t ] = e − cos t 4 [ C + ( cos t − 1 ) e cos t ] f(t) =e^{-\int P(t)dt}[C+\int Q(x)e^{\int P(t)dt}dt] =e^{-\cos t}4[C+(\cos t-1)e^{\cos t}] f(t)=e−∫P(t)dt[C+∫Q(x)e∫P(t)dtdt]=e−cost4[C+(cost−1)ecost]
设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续,且满足 ∫ 0 1 f ( t x ) d t = f ( x ) + x sin x \int_{0}^{1}f(tx)dt=f(x)+x\sin x ∫01f(tx)dt=f(x)+xsinx,求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)
解:令 t x = s tx=s tx=s,则原方程为 1 x ∫ 0 x f ( s ) d s = f ( x ) + x sin x ( x ≠ 0 ) , 即 ∫ 0 x f ( s ) d s = x f ( x ) + x 2 sin x \frac{1}{x}\int_{0}^{x}f(s)ds=f(x)+x\sin x(x≠0), 即 \int_{0}^{x}f(s)ds=xf(x)+x^{2}\sin x x1∫0xf(s)ds=f(x)+xsinx(x=0),即∫0xf(s)ds=xf(x)+x2sinx
因 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续 → \to → ∫ 0 x f ( s ) d s \int_{0}^{x}f(s)ds ∫0xf(s)ds 可导 → \to → f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 可导,因而两边可求导 f ( x ) = x f ′ ( x ) + f ( x ) + ( x 2 sin x ) ′ , 即 x f ′ ( x ) = − 2 x sin x − x 2 cos x f(x)=xf^{'}(x)+f(x)+(x^{2}\sin x)^{'},即 xf^{'}(x)=-2x\sin x - x^{2}\cos x f(x)=xf′(x)+f(x)+(x2sinx)′,即xf′(x)=−2xsinx−x2cosx
当 x = 0 x=0 x=0 时,则等式恒成立;当 x ≠ 0 x≠0 x=0 时,则 f ′ ( x ) = − 2 sin x − x cos x f^{'}(x)=-2\sin x - x\cos x f′(x)=−2sinx−xcosx,两端积分 f ( x ) = − x sin x + cos x + C f(x)=-x\sin x+\cos x+C f(x)=−xsinx+cosx+C
设 f ( x ) = x sin x − ∫ 0 x ( x − t ) f ( t ) d t f(x)=x\sin x-\int_{0}^{x} (x-t)f(t)dt f(x)=xsinx−∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt,其中 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续,求 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)
解:原方程可改写为 f ( x ) = x sin x − x ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t + ∫ 0 x t f ( t ) d t f(x)=x\sin x-x\int_{0}^{x} f(t) dt + \int_{0}^{x} tf(t) dt f(x)=xsinx−x∫0xf(t)dt+∫0xtf(t)dt
因 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 连续 → \to → ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t , ∫ 0 x t f ( t ) d t \int_{0}^{x} f(t) dt, \int_{0}^{x} tf(t) dt ∫0xf(t)dt,∫0xtf(t)dt 可导 → \to → f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 可导,两边求导 f ′ ( x ) = x cos x + sin x − ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t , f ( 0 ) = 0 f^{'}(x)=x\cos x+\sin x -\int_{0}^{x}f(t)dt,f(0)=0 f′(x)=xcosx+sinx−∫0xf(t)dt,f(0)=0
两边可再求导 f ′ ′ ( x ) = − x sin x + 2 cos x − f ( x ) , f ′ ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( 0 ) = 0 f^{''}(x)=-x\sin x+2\cos x - f(x),f^{'}(0)=0,f(0)=0 f′′(x)=−xsinx+2cosx−f(x),f′(0)=0,f(0)=0
设 f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 在 [ 0 , + ∞ ) [0, +\infin) [0,+∞) 上连续,且满足方程 f ( t ) = e 4 π t 2 + ∬ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 t 2 f ( 1 2 x 2 + y 2 ) d x d y f(t)=e^{4\pi t^{2}} +\iint_{x^{2}+y^{2}≤4t^{2}} f(\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2} })dxdy f(t)=e4πt2+∬x2+y2≤4t2f(21x2+y2)dxdy,求 f ( t ) f(t) f(t)
无穷级数
1. 敛散性判别
常数项级数判别收敛散性的步骤:考察 lim u n = 0 \lim u_n = 0 limun=0 是否成立,如果不成立即原级数发散,否则需要进一步判断
判断几何级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a q n − 1 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} aq^{n-1} ∑n=1∞aqn−1 敛散性,其中 a ≠ 0 a≠0 a=0
解:题意可知,
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正项级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} u_n ∑n=1∞un:
- 一般项含有 n ! n! n! 或 n n n 乘积形式,通常选用比值判别法;
- 一般项含有 a n a^n an 形式的因子,通常选用根植判别法;
- 一般项含有 n a n^a na 形式的因子, 1 n \frac{1}{n} n1 采用比较判别法 + 部分和证明,其余采用比较判别法,函数递减采用积分判别法
- 一般项含有 ln ( 1 + 1 n ) , ( 1 + 1 n ) a − 1 \ln(1+\frac{1}{n}), (1+\frac{1}{n})^{a}-1 ln(1+n1),(1+n1)a−1 形式的因子,通常选用等价无穷小同敛散性
- 多项式级数:收敛+收敛=收敛,收敛+发散=发散,发散+发散=等价无穷小或泰勒公式同敛散性
比值法: 判断 ∑ n = 0 ∞ ∣ a ∣ n n ! n n \sum_{n=0}^{\infin} \frac{|a|^{n}n! }{n^{n} } ∑n=0∞nn∣a∣nn! 敛散性,其中 a a a 为非 0 0 0 常数
解:去掉首项不改变敛散性,即求正项级数
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n→∞limunun+1=n→∞lim(n+1)n+1∣a∣n+1(n+1)!⋅∣a∣nn!nn=n→∞lim(1+n1)n∣a∣=e∣a∣ 若
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根植法:判断 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( n sin 1 n ) n 2 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (n\sin \frac{1}{n})^{n^2} ∑n=1∞(nsinn1)n2 敛散性
解:记 u n = ( n sin 1 n ) n 3 u_n=(n\sin \frac{1}{n})^{n^3} un=(nsinn1)n3, u n n = ( n sin 1 n ) n 2 \sqrt[n]{u_n}=(n\sin \frac{1}{n})^{n^2} nun=(nsinn1)n2 lim n → ∞ u n n = lim n → ∞ ( n sin 1 n ) n 2 = e lim n → ∞ n 2 ( n sin 1 n − 1 ) = e − 1 6 , 原 级 数 收 敛 \lim_{n \to \infin} \sqrt[n]{u_n} = \lim_{n \to \infin} (n\sin \frac{1}{n})^{n^2} =e^{\lim_{n \to \infin} n^{2}(n\sin \frac{1}{n}-1)} =e^{-\frac{1}{6}},原级数收敛 n→∞limnun=n→∞lim(nsinn1)n2=elimn→∞n2(nsinn1−1)=e−61,原级数收敛
判断 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n p \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{1}{n^{p} } ∑n=1∞np1 敛散性
比较判别法 + 部分和:若 p = 1 p=1 p=1 时, 1 n > ln ( 1 + 1 n ) = ln ( n + 1 n ) = ln ( n + 1 ) − ln n \frac{1}{n}>\ln (1+\frac{1}{n}) =\ln (\frac{n+1}{n}) =\ln (n+1) - \ln n n1>ln(1+n1)=ln(nn+1)=ln(n+1)−lnn
部分和 S n = ( ln 2 − ln 1 ) + ( ln 3 − ln 2 ) + . . . + [ ln ( n + 1 ) − ln n ] = ln ( n + 1 ) S_n=(\ln 2 - \ln 1)+(\ln 3 - \ln 2)+ ... +[\ln (n+1) - \ln n] =\ln (n+1) Sn=(ln2−ln1)+(ln3−ln2)+...+[ln(n+1)−lnn]=ln(n+1)
lim S n = lim ln ( n + 1 ) = + ∞ \lim S_{n} = \lim \ln (n+1) = +\infin limSn=limln(n+1)=+∞,故 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ln ( 1 + 1 n ) \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \ln (1+\frac{1}{n}) ∑n=1∞ln(1+n1) 发散, ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{1}{n} ∑n=1∞n1 发散
比较判别法:若 p < 1 p<1 p<1 时, 1 n p > 1 n \frac{1}{n^{p} }>\frac{1}{n} np1>n1,所以 ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n p \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{1}{n^{p} } ∑n=1∞np1 发散
积分判别法:若 p > 1 p>1 p>1 时, ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n p = 1 + ∫ 1 + ∞ 1 x p d x = 1 + 1 1 − p 1 x p − 1 ∣ 1 + ∞ = 2 − p 1 − p , 收 敛 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{1}{n^{p} } =1+\int_{1}^{+\infin}\frac{1}{x^{p} }dx =1+\frac{1}{1-p} \frac{1}{x^{p-1} } |_{1}^{+\infin} =\frac{2-p}{1-p},收敛 n=1∑∞np1=1+∫1+∞xp1dx=1+1−p1xp−11∣1+∞=1−p2−p,收敛
等价同敛散性
判断 ∑ n = 1 ln ( 1 + 1 n ) \sum_{n=1} \ln(1+\frac{1}{n}) ∑n=1ln(1+n1) 敛散性
lim n → ∞ ln ( 1 + 1 n ) 1 n = lim n → ∞ 1 1 + 1 n = 1 , ln ( 1 + 1 n ) 等 价 于 1 n , 发 散 \lim_{n \to \infin} \frac{\ln(1+\frac{1}{n}) }{\frac{1}{n} } =\lim_{n \to \infin} \frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{n} }=1, \ln(1+\frac{1}{n}) 等价于 \frac{1}{n},发散 n→∞limn1ln(1+n1)=n→∞lim1+n11=1,ln(1+n1)等价于n1,发散
判断 ∑ n = 1 n − n 2 + n 4 \sum_{n=1} \sqrt{n} - \sqrt[4]{n^2+n} ∑n=1n−4n2+n 敛散性
n − n 2 + n 4 = n [ 1 − ( 1 + 1 n ) 1 4 ] = − n [ ( 1 + 1 n ) 1 4 − 1 ] \sqrt{n} - \sqrt[4]{n^2+n} =\sqrt{n}[1-(1+\frac{1}{n})^{\frac{1}{4} }] =-\sqrt{n}[(1+\frac{1}{n})^{\frac{1}{4} } - 1] n−4n2+n=n[1−(1+n1)41]=−n[(1+n1)41−1] − n [ ( 1 + 1 n ) 1 4 − 1 ] 等 价 于 − n ⋅ 1 4 n = − 1 4 n , 发 散 -\sqrt{n}[(1+\frac{1}{n})^{\frac{1}{4} } - 1] 等价于 -\sqrt{n} · \frac{1}{4n} = -\frac{1}{4\sqrt{n} },发散 −n[(1+n1)41−1]等价于−n⋅4n1=−4n1,发散
泰勒公式同敛散性:判断 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( 1 n − ln n + 1 n ) \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (\frac{1}{n} - \ln \frac{n+1}{n}) ∑n=1∞(n1−lnnn+1) 敛散性
- 任意项级数判定 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ∣ u n ∣ \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} |u_n| ∑n=1∞∣un∣ 是否收敛,若 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ∣ u n ∣ \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} |u_n| ∑n=1∞∣un∣ 收敛,则 ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} u_n ∑n=1∞un 绝对收敛,否则考察是否为交错级数
- 交错级数莱布尼茨判别法判定: lim u n = 0 \lim u_{n}=0 limun=0 且 u n + 1 > u n u_{n+1}>u_{n} un+1>un,则 ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} u_n ∑n=1∞un 条件收敛,否则考察其他方法
- 非交错级数或不满足莱布尼茨判别法: { S 2 n } \{ S_{2n} \} {S2n}, { S 2 n + 1 } \{ S_{2n+1} \} {S2n+1} 敛散性:收敛+发散=发散,发散+发散=等价无穷小或泰勒公式同敛散性
判定 1 − 1 2 a + 1 3 − 1 4 a + 1 5 − 1 6 a . . . . 1-\frac{1}{2^{a} }+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4^{a} }+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{6^{a} }.... 1−2a1+31−4a1+51−6a1.... 敛散性
莱布尼茨判别法:当 a = 1 a=1 a=1 时,级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 ⋅ 1 n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n-1} · \frac{1}{n} ∑n=1∞(−1)n−1⋅n1,交错级数使用莱布尼茨判别法: 1 n > 1 n + 1 即 u n > u n + 1 且 lim u n = 0 , 收 敛 \frac{1}{n}>\frac{1}{n+1} 即 u_{n}>u_{n+1} 且 \lim u_{n}=0,收敛 n1>n+11即un>un+1且limun=0,收敛
{ S 2 n } \{ S_{2n} \} {S2n}, { S 2 n + 1 } \{ S_{2n+1} \} {S2n+1}
发散+收敛=发散:当 a > 1 a>1 a>1 时,考虑级数 u 2 n − 1 = 1 2 n − 1 u_{2n-1} = \frac{1}{2n-1} u2n−1=2n−11 和 u 2 n = 1 ( 2 n ) a u_{2n}=\frac{1}{(2n)^{a}} u2n=(2n)a1
u 2 n − 1 = 1 2 n − 1 发 散 , u 2 n = 1 ( 2 n ) a 收 敛 , 发 散 + 收 敛 = 发 散 u_{2n-1} = \frac{1}{2n-1} 发散,u_{2n}=\frac{1}{(2n)^{a}} 收敛,发散+收敛=发散 u2n−1=2n−11发散,u2n=(2n)a1收敛,发散+收敛=发散
发散+发散=等价:若 0 < a < 1 0<a<1 0<a<1 时, 1 2 n − 1 − 1 ( 2 n ) a = ( 2 n ) a − ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n ) a 等 价 于 1 ( 2 n ) a , 发 散 \frac{1}{2n-1}-\frac{1}{(2n)^{a} } =\frac{(2n)^{a}-(2n-1) }{(2n-1)(2n)^{a} } 等价于 \frac{1}{(2n)^{a} },发散 2n−11−(2n)a1=(2n−1)(2n)a(2n)a−(2n−1)等价于(2n)a1,发散
2. 收敛域
具体级数:绝对值 ∑ ∣ u n ( x ) ∣ \sum |u_{n}(x)| ∑∣un(x)∣ 成为正项级数,比值或根值判别法求收敛区间,讨论端点敛散性
求 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( x − 1 ) n n ( n − 3 n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n-1} \frac{(x-1)^{n} }{n(n-3^{n} } ∑n=1∞(−1)n−1n(n−3n(x−1)n 收敛域
解: ∣ u n ( x ) ∣ = ∣ ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( x − 1 ) n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∣ ( x − 1 ) n ∣ n ( 3 n − n ) |u_{n}(x)| =|\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n-1} \frac{(x-1)^{n} }{n(n-3^{n}) } =\frac{|(x-1)^{n}|}{n(3^{n}-n)} ∣un(x)∣=∣n=1∑∞(−1)n−1n(n−3n)(x−1)n=n(3n−n)∣(x−1)n∣ lim n → ∞ ∣ u n ( x ) ∣ n = lim n → ∞ ∣ x − 1 ∣ n n ⋅ 3 n − n n = ∣ x − 1 ∣ 3 < 1 , 收 敛 区 间 ( − 2 , 4 ) \lim_{n \to \infin} \sqrt[n]{ |u_{n}(x)| } =\lim_{n \to \infin} \frac{|x-1|}{\sqrt[n]{n} · \sqrt[n]{3^{n}-n} } =\frac{|x-1|}{3}<1,收敛区间 (-2,4) n→∞limn∣un(x)∣=n→∞limnn⋅n3n−n∣x−1∣=3∣x−1∣<1,收敛区间(−2,4)
当 x = − 2 x=-2 x=−2 时,原级数变为 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( − 1 ) n 3 n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ − 3 n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ n − 3 n − n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n − ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n − 3 n , 发 + 收 = 发 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n-1} \frac{(-1)^{n}3^{n} }{n(n-3^{n}) } =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{-3^{n} }{n(n-3^{n}) } =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{n-3^{n}-n }{n(n-3^{n}) } =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{1}{n} - \sum_{n=1}^{\infin}\frac{1}{n-3^{n}},发+收=发 n=1∑∞(−1)n−1n(n−3n)(−1)n3n=n=1∑∞n(n−3n)−3n=n=1∑∞n(n−3n)n−3n−n=n=1∑∞n1−n=1∑∞n−3n1,发+收=发
当 x = 4 x=4 x=4 时,原级数变为 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 3 n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n n − 3 n − n n ( n − 3 n ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n 1 n − ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n 1 n − 3 n , 收 + 收 = 收 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n-1} \frac{3^{n} }{n(n-3^{n}) } =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin}(-1)^{n} \frac{n-3^{n}-n}{n(n-3^{n})} =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin}(-1)^{n} \frac{1}{n} - \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (-1)^{n} \frac{1}{n-3^{n}},收+收=收 n=1∑∞(−1)n−1n(n−3n)3n=n=1∑∞(−1)nn(n−3n)n−3n−n=n=1∑∞(−1)nn1−n=1∑∞(−1)nn−3n1,收+收=收
抽象级数
已知 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x − x 0 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x-x_{0})^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x−x0)n 在某点 x 1 ( x 1 ≠ x 0 ) x_{1}(x_{1}≠x_{0}) x1(x1=x0) 敛散性,求收敛半径
- 若 x 1 x_{1} x1 处收敛,则收敛半径 R ≥ ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ R≥|x_{1}-x_{0}| R≥∣x1−x0∣
- 若 x 1 x_{1} x1 处发散,则收敛半径 R ≤ ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ R≤|x_{1}-x_{0}| R≤∣x1−x0∣
- 若 x 1 x_{1} x1 处条件收敛,则收敛半径 R = ∣ x 1 − x 0 ∣ R=|x_{1}-x_{0}| R=∣x1−x0∣
已知 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x − x 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x-x_{1})^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x−x1)n 的敛散性信息,讨论 ∑ n = 1 ∞ b n ( x − x 2 ) m \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} b_{n} (x-x_{2})^{m} ∑n=1∞bn(x−x2)m 敛散性
- ( x − x 1 ) n (x-x_{1})^{n} (x−x1)n 与 ( x − x 2 ) m (x-x_{2})^{m} (x−x2)m 转化一般通过平移收敛区间、提出或乘以因式 ( x − x 0 ) (x-x_{0}) (x−x0),收敛半径不变
- a n a_{n} an 与 b n b_{n} bn 转化一般通过级数逐项求导或逐项积分完成,收敛半径不变,收敛域可能变化
设 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x + 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x+1)^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x+1)n 在 x = 1 x=1 x=1 处条件收敛,求幂级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n a n ( x − 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} na_{n} (x-1)^{n} ∑n=1∞nan(x−1)n 在 x = 2 x=2 x=2 处敛散性
解:
因
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\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x+1)^{n}
∑n=1∞an(x+1)n 在
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x=1 处条件收敛,收敛半径
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R=|x_{1}-x_{0}|=|1-(-1)|=2
R=∣x1−x0∣=∣1−(−1)∣=2,收敛区间
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(-3,1)
(−3,1)
( x + 1 ) n (x+1)^{n} (x+1)n 与 ( x − 1 ) n (x-1)^{n} (x−1)n 转化,可将收敛区间平移到 ( − 1 , 3 ) (-1,3) (−1,3),得 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x − 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x-1)^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x−1)n,收敛半径不变
∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x − 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x-1)^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x−1)n 逐项求导,得 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n a n ( x − 1 ) n − 1 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} na_{n} (x-1)^{n-1} ∑n=1∞nan(x−1)n−1,再逐项乘以 ( x − 1 ) (x-1) (x−1) 得 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n a n ( x − 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} na_{n} (x-1)^{n} ∑n=1∞nan(x−1)n
故 ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n ( x − 1 ) n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} a_{n} (x-1)^{n} ∑n=1∞an(x−1)n 收敛区间为 ( − 1 , 3 ) (-1,3) (−1,3), x = 2 x=2 x=2 在收敛区间内部,故在该点处级数绝对收敛
3. 求和函数
求和函数突破口:
- 当 ( a n + b ) c (an+b)^{c} (an+b)c 在分子上时,先积后导
- 当 ( a n + b ) c (an+b)^{c} (an+b)c 在分母上时,先导后积 S ( x ) = ∫ a x S ′ ( t ) d t + S ( a ) S(x)=\int_{a}^{x} S^{'}(t)dt+S(a) S(x)=∫axS′(t)dt+S(a)
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求级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n} ∑n=1∞nxn 的和函数
解: ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n} ∑n=1∞nxn= x ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n − 1 x\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n-1} x∑n=1∞nxn−1,设 S ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n − 1 S(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n-1} S(x)=∑n=1∞nxn−1,则原级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n} ∑n=1∞nxn= x S ( x ) xS(x) xS(x)
逐项积分, ∫ 0 x S ( t ) d t = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ∫ 0 x n t n − 1 d t = ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n = x 1 − x , ∣ x ∣ < 1 \int_{0}^{x} S(t)dt =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \int_{0}^{x} nt^{n-1}dt =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} x^{n} =\frac{x}{1-x},|x|<1 ∫0xS(t)dt=n=1∑∞∫0xntn−1dt=n=1∑∞xn=1−xx,∣x∣<1
逐项求导, [ ∫ 0 x S ( t ) d t ] ′ = ( x 1 − x ) ′ = 1 ( 1 − x ) 2 [\int_{0}^{x}S(t)dt]^{'} =(\frac{x}{1-x})^{'} =\frac{1}{(1-x)^{2}} [∫0xS(t)dt]′=(1−xx)′=(1−x)21 所以 ∑ n = 1 ∞ n x n = x ( 1 − x ) 2 , ∣ x ∣ < 1 \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} nx^{n}=\frac{x}{(1-x)^{2} }, |x|<1 ∑n=1∞nxn=(1−x)2x,∣x∣<1 -
求级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n n \sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{x^{n} }{n} ∑n=1∞nxn 的和函数
解:设 S ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n n S(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} \frac{x^{n} }{n} S(x)=∑n=1∞nxn,逐项求导可得 S ′ ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( x n n ) ′ = ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n − 1 = 1 1 − x , ∣ x ∣ < 1 S^{'}(x) =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} (\frac{x^{n} }{n})^{'} =\sum_{n=1}^{\infin} x^{n-1} =\frac{1}{1-x},|x|<1 S′(x)=n=1∑∞(nxn)′=n=1∑∞xn−1=1−x1,∣x∣<1 逐项积分 S ( x ) = ∫ 0 x S ′ ( t ) d t + S ( 0 ) = ∫ 0 x d t 1 − t + 0 = − ln ( 1 − x ) , x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ) S(x)=\int_{0}^{x} S^{'}(t)dt+S(0) =\int_{0}^{x} \frac{dt}{1-t}+0 =-\ln (1-x),x \in [-1,1) S(x)=∫0xS′(t)dt+S(0)=∫0x1−tdt+0=−ln(1−x),x∈[−1,1)
4. 展开式
间接法:利用已知幂级数等式,通过分解法、逐项求导或逐项积分求
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将 f ( x ) = 1 x 2 − 5 x + 6 f(x)=\frac{1}{x^{2}-5x+6} f(x)=x2−5x+61 展开为 x + 5 x+5 x+5 的幂级数
解: f ( x ) = 1 ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) = 1 x − 3 − 1 x − 2 = 1 x − + 5 − 8 − 1 x + 5 − 7 = − 1 8 ⋅ 1 1 − x + 5 8 f(x)=\frac{1}{(x-2)(x-3)} =\frac{1}{x-3}-\frac{1}{x-2} =\frac{1}{x-+5-8}-\frac{1}{x+5-7} \\ =-\frac{1}{8} · \frac{1}{1-\frac{x+5}{8}} f(x)=(x−2)(x−3)1=x−31−x−21=x−+5−81−x+5−71=−81⋅1−8x+51 -
将 f ( x ) = ln ( 2 − 2 x 2 − 4 x 4 ) f(x)=\ln (2-2x^{2}-4x^{4}) f(x)=ln(2−2x2−4x4) 展开为 x x x 的幂级数
解:分解法 f ( x ) = ln [ 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) ( 1 − 2 x 2 ] = ln 2 + ln ( 1 + x 2 ) + ln ( 1 − 2 x 2 ) f(x)=\ln [2(1+x^{2})(1-2x^{2}] =\ln 2 + \ln(1+x^{2})+\ln (1-2x^{2}) f(x)=ln[2(1+x2)(1−2x2]=ln2+ln(1+x2)+ln(1−2x2) 逐项求导 f ′ ( x ) = 2 x 1 + x 2 − 4 x 1 − 2 x 2 = 2 x ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n x 2 n − 4 x ∑ n = 0 ∞ x 2 n f^{'}(x)=\frac{2x}{1+x^{2}} - \frac{4x}{1-2x^{2}} =2x\sum_{n=0}^{\infin} (-1)^{n} x^{2n} - 4x \sum_{n=0}^{\infin} x^{2n} f′(x)=1+x22x−1−2x24x=2xn=0∑∞(−1)nx2n−4xn=0∑∞x2n 逐项积分 f ( x ) = ∫ 0 x f ′ ( t ) d t + f ( 0 ) = ∑ 1 ∞ [ ( − 1 ) n − 1 − 2 n n + 1 ] x 2 n + ln 2 , ∣ x ∣ < 1 2 f(x)=\int_{0}^{x}f^{'}(t)dt+f(0) =\sum_{1}^{\infin}[\frac{(-1)^{n-1} - 2^{n} }{n+1}]x^{2n}+\ln 2,|x|<\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} } f(x)=∫0xf′(t)dt+f(0)=1∑∞[n+1(−1)n−1−2n]x2n+ln2,∣x∣<21