Volley 使用

最新推荐文章于 2020-07-15 09:48:54 发布

LuLu侠

最新推荐文章于 2020-07-15 09:48:54 发布

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分类专栏： Android 文章标签： android Android开源项目 volley

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Volley是Android开发者新的瑞士军刀，它提供了优美的框架，使得Android应用程序网络访问更容易和更快。Volley抽象实现了底层的HTTP Client库，让你不关注HTTP Client细节，专注于写出更加漂亮、干净的RESTful HTTP请求。另外，Volley请求会异步执行，不阻挡主线程。

Volley提供的功能

简单的讲，提供了如下主要的功能：

1、封装了的异步的RESTful 请求API；

2、一个优雅和稳健的请求队列；

3、一个可扩展的架构，它使开发人员能够实现自定义的请求和响应处理机制；

4、能够使用外部HTTP Client库；

5、缓存策略；

6、自定义的网络图像加载视图（NetworkImageView，ImageLoader等);

为什么使用异步HTTP请求？

Android中要求HTTP请求异步执行，如果在主线程执行HTTP请求，可能会抛出android.os.NetworkOnMainThreadException 异常。阻塞主线程有一些严重的后果，它阻碍UI渲染，用户体验不流畅，它可能会导致可怕的ANR（Application Not Responding）。要避免这些陷阱，作为一个开发者，应该始终确保HTTP请求是在一个不同的线程。

怎样使用Volley

这篇博客将会详细的介绍在应用程程中怎么使用volley，它将包括一下几方面：

1、安装和使用Volley库

2、使用请求队列

3、异步的JSON、String请求

4、取消请求

5、重试失败的请求，自定义请求超时

6、设置请求头（HTTP headers）

7、使用Cookies

8、错误处理

安装和使用Volley库

引入Volley非常简单，首先，从git库先克隆一个下来：

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git clone https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/volley

git clone https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/volley

然后编译为jar包，再把jar包放到自己的工程的libs目录。

使用请求队列

Volley的所有请求都放在一个队列，然后进行处理，这里是你如何将创建一个请求队列：

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RequestQueue mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this); // 'this' is Context

RequestQueue mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this); // 'this' is Context

理想的情况是把请求队列集中放到一个地方，最好是初始化应用程序类中初始化请求队列，下面类做到了这一点：

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public class ApplicationController extends Application {
/**
* Log or request TAG
*/
public static final String TAG = "VolleyPatterns";
/**
* Global request queue for Volley
*/
private RequestQueue mRequestQueue;
/**
* A singleton instance of the application class for easy access in other places
*/
private static ApplicationController sInstance;
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
// initialize the singleton
sInstance = this;
}
/**
* @return ApplicationController singleton instance
*/
public static synchronized ApplicationController getInstance() {
return sInstance;
}
/**
* @return The Volley Request queue, the queue will be created if it is null
*/
public RequestQueue getRequestQueue() {
// lazy initialize the request queue, the queue instance will be
// created when it is accessed for the first time
if (mRequestQueue == null) {
mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(getApplicationContext());
}
return mRequestQueue;
}
/**
* Adds the specified request to the global queue, if tag is specified
* then it is used else Default TAG is used.
*
* @param req
* @param tag
*/
public <T> void addToRequestQueue(Request<T> req, String tag) {
// set the default tag if tag is empty
req.setTag(TextUtils.isEmpty(tag) ? TAG : tag);
VolleyLog.d("Adding request to queue: %s", req.getUrl());
getRequestQueue().add(req);
}
/**
* Adds the specified request to the global queue using the Default TAG.
*
* @param req
* @param tag
*/
public <T> void addToRequestQueue(Request<T> req) {
// set the default tag if tag is empty
req.setTag(TAG);
getRequestQueue().add(req);
}
/**
* Cancels all pending requests by the specified TAG, it is important
* to specify a TAG so that the pending/ongoing requests can be cancelled.
*
* @param tag
*/
public void cancelPendingRequests(Object tag) {
if (mRequestQueue != null) {
mRequestQueue.cancelAll(tag);
}
}
}

public class ApplicationController extends Application {

    /**
     * Log or request TAG
     */
    public static final String TAG = "VolleyPatterns";

    /**
     * Global request queue for Volley
     */
    private RequestQueue mRequestQueue;

    /**
     * A singleton instance of the application class for easy access in other places
     */
    private static ApplicationController sInstance;

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();

        // initialize the singleton
        sInstance = this;
    }

    /**
     * @return ApplicationController singleton instance
     */
    public static synchronized ApplicationController getInstance() {
        return sInstance;
    }

    /**
     * @return The Volley Request queue, the queue will be created if it is null
     */
    public RequestQueue getRequestQueue() {
        // lazy initialize the request queue, the queue instance will be
        // created when it is accessed for the first time
        if (mRequestQueue == null) {
            mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(getApplicationContext());
        }

        return mRequestQueue;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified request to the global queue, if tag is specified
     * then it is used else Default TAG is used.
     * 
     * @param req
     * @param tag
     */
    public <T> void addToRequestQueue(Request<T> req, String tag) {
        // set the default tag if tag is empty
        req.setTag(TextUtils.isEmpty(tag) ? TAG : tag);

        VolleyLog.d("Adding request to queue: %s", req.getUrl());

        getRequestQueue().add(req);
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified request to the global queue using the Default TAG.
     * 
     * @param req
     * @param tag
     */
    public <T> void addToRequestQueue(Request<T> req) {
        // set the default tag if tag is empty
        req.setTag(TAG);

        getRequestQueue().add(req);
    }

    /**
     * Cancels all pending requests by the specified TAG, it is important
     * to specify a TAG so that the pending/ongoing requests can be cancelled.
     * 
     * @param tag
     */
    public void cancelPendingRequests(Object tag) {
        if (mRequestQueue != null) {
            mRequestQueue.cancelAll(tag);
        }
    }
}

异步的JSON、String请求

Volley提供了以下的实用工具类进行异步HTTP请求：

JsonObjectRequest — To send and receive JSON Object from the Server
JsonArrayRequest — To receive JSON Array from the Server
StringRequest — To retrieve response body as String (ideally if you intend to parse the response by yourself)

JsonObjectRequest

这个类可以用来发送和接收JSON对象。这个类的一个重载构造函数允许设置适当的请求方法（DELETE，GET，POST和PUT）。如果您正在使用一个RESTful服务端，可以使用这个类。下面的示例显示如何使GET和POST请求。

GET请求：

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final String URL = "/volley/resource/12";
// pass second argument as "null" for GET requests
JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, null,
new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
try {
VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
}
});
// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

final String URL = "/volley/resource/12";
// pass second argument as "null" for GET requests
JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, null,
       new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
           @Override
           public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
               try {
                   VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
               } catch (JSONException e) {
                   e.printStackTrace();
               }
           }
       }, new Response.ErrorListener() {
           @Override
           public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
               VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
           }
       });

// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

POST请求：

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final String URL = "/volley/resource/12";
// Post params to be sent to the server
HashMap<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("token", "AbCdEfGh123456");
JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, new JSONObject(params),
new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
try {
VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
}
});
// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

final String URL = "/volley/resource/12";
// Post params to be sent to the server
HashMap<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();
params.put("token", "AbCdEfGh123456");

JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, new JSONObject(params),
       new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
           @Override
           public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
               try {
                   VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
               } catch (JSONException e) {
                   e.printStackTrace();
               }
           }
       }, new Response.ErrorListener() {
           @Override
           public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
               VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
           }
       });

// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

JsonArrayRequest

这个类可以用来接受 JSON Arrary，不支持JSON Object。这个类现在只支持 HTTP GET。由于支持GET，你可以在URL的后面加上请求参数。类的构造函数不支持请求参数。

[java] view plain copy print ?

final String URL = "/volley/resource/all?count=20";
JsonArrayRequest req = new JsonArrayRequest(URL, new Response.Listener<JSONArray> () {
@Override
public void onResponse(JSONArray response) {
try {
VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
} catch (JSONException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
}
});
// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

final String URL = "/volley/resource/all?count=20";
JsonArrayRequest req = new JsonArrayRequest(URL, new Response.Listener<JSONArray> () {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(JSONArray response) {
        try {
            VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response.toString(4));
        } catch (JSONException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
    @Override
    public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
        VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
    }
});

// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

StringRequest

这个类可以用来从服务器获取String，如果想自己解析请求响应可以使用这个类，例如返回xml数据。它还可以使用重载的构造函数定制请求。

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final String URL = "/volley/resource/recent.xml";
StringRequest req = new StringRequest(URL, new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) {
VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response);
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
}
});
// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

final String URL = "/volley/resource/recent.xml";
StringRequest req = new StringRequest(URL, new Response.Listener<String>() {
    @Override
    public void onResponse(String response) {
        VolleyLog.v("Response:%n %s", response);
    }
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
    @Override
    public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
        VolleyLog.e("Error: ", error.getMessage());
    }
});

// add the request object to the queue to be executed
ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(req);

取消请求

Volley提供了强大的API取消未处理或正在处理的请求。取消请求最简单的方法是调用请求队列cancelAll（tag）的方法，前提是你在添加请求时设置了标记。这样就能使标签标记的请求挂起。

给请求设置标签：

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request.setTag("My Tag");

request.setTag("My Tag");

使用ApplicationController添加使用了标签的请求到队列中：

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ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(request, "My Tag");

ApplicationController.getInstance().addToRequestQueue(request, "My Tag");

取消所有指定标记的请求：

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mRequestQueue.cancelAll("My Tag");

mRequestQueue.cancelAll("My Tag");

重试失败的请求，自定义请求超时

Volley中没有指定的方法来设置请求超时时间，可以设置RetryPolicy 来变通实现。DefaultRetryPolicy类有个initialTimeout参数，可以设置超时时间。要确保最大重试次数为1，以保证超时后不重新请求。

Setting Request Timeout

 
 <span class="line-number" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</span>
request.setRetryPolicy(new DefaultRetryPolicy(20 * 1000, 1, 1.0f));

如果你想失败后重新请求（因超时），您可以指定使用上面的代码，增加重试次数。注意最后一个参数，它允许你指定一个退避乘数可以用来实现“指数退避”来从RESTful服务器请求数据。

设置请求头（HTTP headers）

有时候需要给HTTP请求添加额外的头信息，一个常用的例子是添加 “Authorization”到HTTP 请求的头信息。Volley请求类提供了一个 getHeaers（）的方法，重载这个方法可以自定义HTTP 的头信息。

添加头信息：

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JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, new JSONObject(params),
new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
// handle response
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
// handle error
}
}) {
@Override
public Map<String, String> getHeaders() throws AuthFailureError {
HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<String, String>();
headers.put("CUSTOM_HEADER", "Yahoo");
headers.put("ANOTHER_CUSTOM_HEADER", "Google");
return headers;
}
};

JsonObjectRequest req = new JsonObjectRequest(URL, new JSONObject(params),
           new Response.Listener<JSONObject>() {
               @Override
               public void onResponse(JSONObject response) {
                   // handle response
               }
           }, new Response.ErrorListener() {
               @Override
               public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
                   // handle error                        
               }
           }) {

       @Override
       public Map<String, String> getHeaders() throws AuthFailureError {
           HashMap<String, String> headers = new HashMap<String, String>();
           headers.put("CUSTOM_HEADER", "Yahoo");
           headers.put("ANOTHER_CUSTOM_HEADER", "Google");
           return headers;
       }
   };

使用Cookies

Volley中没有直接的API来设置cookies，Volley的设计理念就是提供干净、简洁的API来实现RESTful HTTP请求，不提供设置cookies是合理的。

下面是修改后的ApplicationController类，这个类修改了getRequestQueue()方法，包含了设置cookie方法，这些修改还是有些粗糙。

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// http client instance
private DefaultHttpClient mHttpClient;
public RequestQueue getRequestQueue() {
// lazy initialize the request queue, the queue instance will be
// created when it is accessed for the first time
if (mRequestQueue == null) {
// Create an instance of the Http client.
// We need this in order to access the cookie store
mHttpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
// create the request queue
mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this, new HttpClientStack(mHttpClient));
}
return mRequestQueue;
}
/**
* Method to set a cookie
*/
public void setCookie() {
CookieStore cs = mHttpClient.getCookieStore();
// create a cookie
cs.addCookie(new BasicClientCookie2("cookie", "spooky"));
}
// add the cookie before adding the request to the queue
setCookie();
// add the request to the queue
mRequestQueue.add(request);

// http client instance
private DefaultHttpClient mHttpClient;
public RequestQueue getRequestQueue() {
    // lazy initialize the request queue, the queue instance will be
    // created when it is accessed for the first time
    if (mRequestQueue == null) {
        // Create an instance of the Http client. 
        // We need this in order to access the cookie store
        mHttpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
        // create the request queue
        mRequestQueue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this, new HttpClientStack(mHttpClient));
    }
    return mRequestQueue;
}

/**
 * Method to set a cookie
 */
public void setCookie() {
    CookieStore cs = mHttpClient.getCookieStore();
    // create a cookie
    cs.addCookie(new BasicClientCookie2("cookie", "spooky"));
}


// add the cookie before adding the request to the queue
setCookie();

// add the request to the queue
mRequestQueue.add(request);

错误处理

正如前面代码看到的，在创建一个请求时，需要添加一个错误监听onErrorResponse。如果请求发生异常，会返回一个VolleyError实例。

以下是Volley的异常列表：

AuthFailureError：如果在做一个HTTP的身份验证，可能会发生这个错误。

NetworkError：Socket关闭，服务器宕机，DNS错误都会产生这个错误。

NoConnectionError：和NetworkError类似，这个是客户端没有网络连接。

ParseError：在使用JsonObjectRequest或JsonArrayRequest时，如果接收到的JSON是畸形，会产生异常。

SERVERERROR：服务器的响应的一个错误，最有可能的4xx或5xx HTTP状态代码。

TimeoutError：Socket超时，服务器太忙或网络延迟会产生这个异常。默认情况下，Volley的超时时间为2.5秒。如果得到这个错误可以使用RetryPolicy。

可以使用一个简单的Help类根据这些异常提示相应的信息：

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public class VolleyErrorHelper {
/**
* Returns appropriate message which is to be displayed to the user
* against the specified error object.
*
* @param error
* @param context
* @return
*/
public static String getMessage(Object error, Context context) {
if (error instanceof TimeoutError) {
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_server_down);
}
else if (isServerProblem(error)) {
return handleServerError(error, context);
}
else if (isNetworkProblem(error)) {
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.no_internet);
}
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_error);
}
/**
* Determines whether the error is related to network
* @param error
* @return
*/
private static boolean isNetworkProblem(Object error) {
return (error instanceof NetworkError) || (error instanceof NoConnectionError);
}
/**
* Determines whether the error is related to server
* @param error
* @return
*/
private static boolean isServerProblem(Object error) {
return (error instanceof ServerError) || (error instanceof AuthFailureError);
}
/**
* Handles the server error, tries to determine whether to show a stock message or to
* show a message retrieved from the server.
*
* @param err
* @param context
* @return
*/
private static String handleServerError(Object err, Context context) {
VolleyError error = (VolleyError) err;
NetworkResponse response = error.networkResponse;
if (response != null) {
switch (response.statusCode) {
case 404:
case 422:
case 401:
try {
// server might return error like this { "error": "Some error occured" }
// Use "Gson" to parse the result
HashMap<String, String> result = new Gson().fromJson(new String(response.data),
new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>() {
}.getType());
if (result != null && result.containsKey("error")) {
return result.get("error");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// invalid request
return error.getMessage();
default:
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_server_down);
}
}
return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_error);
}
}

public class VolleyErrorHelper {
     /**
     * Returns appropriate message which is to be displayed to the user 
     * against the specified error object.
     * 
     * @param error
     * @param context
     * @return
     */
  public static String getMessage(Object error, Context context) {
      if (error instanceof TimeoutError) {
          return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_server_down);
      }
      else if (isServerProblem(error)) {
          return handleServerError(error, context);
      }
      else if (isNetworkProblem(error)) {
          return context.getResources().getString(R.string.no_internet);
      }
      return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_error);
  }
  
  /**
  * Determines whether the error is related to network
  * @param error
  * @return
  */
  private static boolean isNetworkProblem(Object error) {
      return (error instanceof NetworkError) || (error instanceof NoConnectionError);
  }
  /**
  * Determines whether the error is related to server
  * @param error
  * @return
  */
  private static boolean isServerProblem(Object error) {
      return (error instanceof ServerError) || (error instanceof AuthFailureError);
  }
  /**
  * Handles the server error, tries to determine whether to show a stock message or to 
  * show a message retrieved from the server.
  * 
  * @param err
  * @param context
  * @return
  */
  private static String handleServerError(Object err, Context context) {
      VolleyError error = (VolleyError) err;
  
      NetworkResponse response = error.networkResponse;
  
      if (response != null) {
          switch (response.statusCode) {
            case 404:
            case 422:
            case 401:
                try {
                    // server might return error like this { "error": "Some error occured" }
                    // Use "Gson" to parse the result
                    HashMap<String, String> result = new Gson().fromJson(new String(response.data),
                            new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>() {
                            }.getType());

                    if (result != null && result.containsKey("error")) {
                        return result.get("error");
                    }

                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                // invalid request
                return error.getMessage();

            default:
                return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_server_down);
            }
      }
        return context.getResources().getString(R.string.generic_error);
  }
}