本文是根据方志朋的博客学习的笔记
原文链接:https://www.fangzhipeng.com/springcloud/2017/06/04/sc04-hystrix.html
在微服务架构中,根据业务来拆分成一个个的服务,服务与服务之间可以相互调用(RPC),在Spring Cloud可以用RestTemplate+Ribbon和Feign来调用。为了保证其高可用,单个服务通常会集群部署。由于网络原因或者自身的原因,服务并不能保证100%可用,如果单个服务出现问题,调用这个服务就会出现线程阻塞,此时若有大量的请求涌入,Servlet容器的线程资源会被消耗完毕,导致服务瘫痪。服务与服务之间的依赖性,故障会传播,会对整个微服务系统造成灾难性的严重后果,这就是服务故障的“雪崩”效应。
为了解决这个问题,业界提出了断路器模型。
一、断路器简介
Netflix has created a library called Hystrix that implements the circuit breaker pattern. In a microservice architecture it is common to have multiple layers of service calls.
. —-摘自官网
Netflix开源了Hystrix组件,实现了断路器模式,SpringCloud对这一组件进行了整合。 在微服务架构中,一个请求需要调用多个服务是非常常见的,如下图:
较底层的服务如果出现故障,会导致连锁故障。当对特定的服务的调用的不可用达到一个阀值(Hystric 是5秒20次) 断路器将会被打开。
断路打开后,可用避免连锁故障,fallback方法可以直接返回一个固定值。
二、准备工作
这篇文章基于上一篇文章的工程,首先启动上一篇文章的工程,启动eureka-server 工程;启动service-hi工程,它的端口为8762。
三、在ribbon使用断路器
改造serice-ribbon 工程的代码,首先在pox.xml文件中加入spring-cloud-starter-hystrix的起步依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
在程序的启动类ServiceRibbonApplication 加@EnableHystrix注解开启Hystrix:
package com.example.ribbon;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
public class RibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
改造HelloService类,在hiService方法上加上@HystrixCommand注解。该注解对该方法创建了熔断器的功能,并指定了fallbackMethod熔断方法,熔断方法直接返回了一个字符串,字符串为”hi,”+name+”,sorry,error!”,代码如下:
package com.example.ribbon.service;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@Service
public class HelloService {
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
//commandProperties配置可选,配不配都可以,一般不会配置,有时会抛异常,再去配置
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hiError",commandProperties = @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.strategy", value = "SEMAPHORE"))
public String hiService(String name) {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://SERVICE-HI/hi?name="+name,String.class);
}
//此方法的参数和返回之应和hiService一致
public String hiError(String name){
return "hi,"+ name + ",sorry,error!";
}
}
注意:
1、hiError方法的返回值和参数需要和hiService一致
2、配置commandProperties和不配置commandProperties的区别
配置了commandProperties后,hiError和hiService则会运行在同一线程,如果不配置则不是同一线程是隔离的
启动:service-ribbon 工程,当我们访问http://localhost:8764/hi?name=forezp,浏览器显示:
hi forezp,i am from port:8762
此时关闭 service-hi 工程,当我们再访问http://localhost:8764/hi?name=forezp,浏览器会显示:
hi ,forezp,orry,error!
这就说明当 service-hi 工程不可用的时候,service-ribbon调用 service-hi的API接口时,会执行快速失败,直接返回一组字符串,而不是等待响应超时,这很好的控制了容器的线程阻塞。
四、Feign中使用断路器
Feign是自带断路器的,在D版本的Spring Cloud中,它没有默认打开。需要在配置文件中配置打开它,在配置文件加以下代码:
feign.hystrix.enabled=true
设置为false则禁用
基于service-feign工程进行改造,只需要在FeignClient的SchedualServiceHi接口的注解中加上fallback的指定类就行了:
package com.forezp.sericefeign.service;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@FeignClient(value = "service-hi",fallback = SchedualServiceHiHystric.class)
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi", method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
SchedualServiceHiHystric需要实现SchedualServiceHi 接口,并注入到Ioc容器中,代码如下:
package com.forezp.sericefeign.service;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class SchedualServiceHiHystric implements SchedualServiceHi {
@Override
public String sayHiFromClientOne(String name) {
return "sorry"+name;
}
}
启动四servcie-feign工程,浏览器打开http://localhost:8765/hi?name=forezp,注意此时service-hi工程没有启动,网页显示:
sorry forezp
打开service-hi工程,再次访问,浏览器显示:
hi forezp,i am from port:8762
这证明断路器起到作用了。
feign禁用hystrix
- feign.hystrix.enabled=false//全局禁用
- feign中禁用单个方法的hystrix
增加Configuration1类
@Configuration
public class Configuration1 {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public Feign.Builder feignBuilder() {
return Feign.builder();
}
}
修改需要禁用的方法
@FeignClient(value = "service-hi",configuration = Configuration1.class,fallback = SchedualServiceHiHystric.class)
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi", method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
A、扩展:feign使用hystrix的fallbackFacory打印回退日志
-
添加访问远端用户微服务 Feign 客户端
//fallback和fallbackFactory不能同时使用
@FeignClient(value = "service-hi",/*fallback = SchedualServiceHiHystric.class,*/fallbackFactory=HystrixClientFallbackFactory.class)
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi", method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
-
添加访问远端用户微服务 FallbackFactory 类
/**
* Hystrix 客户端回退机制类。
*
* 这里加上注解 Component
*
*/
@Component
public class HystrixClientFallbackFactory implements FallbackFactory< SchedualServiceHi > {
private static final Logger Logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HystrixClientFallbackFactory.class);
@Override
public SchedualServiceHi create(Throwable e) {
Logger.info("fallback; reason was: {}", e.getMessage());
System.out.println("======== UserFeignHystrixFactoryClient.create " + Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup() + " - " + Thread.currentThread().getId() + " - " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
return new SchedualServiceHiFallBackFactoryClient(){
@Override
public String sayHiFromClientOne(String name) {
return "sorry"+name;
}
};
}
}
-
添加回退处理客户端类
public interface SchedualServiceHiFallBackFactoryClient extends SchedualServiceHi{
}
五、Hystrix Dashboard (断路器:Hystrix 仪表盘)
基于service-ribbon 改造,Feign的改造和这一样。
首选在pom.xml引入spring-cloud-starter-hystrix-dashboard的起步依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>
在主程序启动类中加入@EnableHystrixDashboard注解,开启hystrixDashboard:
package com.example.ribbon;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
@EnableHystrixDashboard
public class RibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
打开浏览器:访问http://localhost:8764/hystrix,界面如下:
点击monitor stream,进入下一个界面,访问:http://localhost:8764/hi?name=forezp
此时会出现监控界面: