原文链接
Overview
Java 7的并发包中推出了Phaser,其功能跟CyclicBarrier和CountDownLatch有些重叠,但是提供了更灵活的用法,例如支持动态调整注册任务的数量等。本文在Phaser自带的示例代码基础上进行一下简单的分析。
Glossary
Registration
Phaser支持通过register()和bulkRegister(int parties)方法来动态调整注册任务的数量,此外也支持通过其构造函数进行指定初始数量。在适当的时机,Phaser支持减少注册任务的数量,例如 arriveAndDeregister()。单个Phaser实例允许的注册任务数的上限是65535。
Arrival
正如Phaser类的名字所暗示,每个Phaser实例都会维护一个phase number,初始值为0。每当所有注册的任务都到达Phaser时,phase number累加,并在超过Integer.MAX_VALUE后清零。arrive()和arriveAndDeregister()方法用于记录到 达,arriveAndAwaitAdvance()方法用于记录到达,并且等待其它未到达的任务。
Termination
Phaser支持终止。Phaser终止之后,调用register()和bulkRegister(int parties)方法没有任何效果,arriveAndAwaitAdvance()方法也会立即返回。触发终止的时机是在protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties)方法返回时,如果该方法返回true,那么Phaser会被终止。默认实现是在注册任务数为0时返回true(即 return registeredParties == 0;)。此外,forceTermination()方法用于强制终止,isTerminated()方法用于判断是否已经终止。
Tiering
Phaser支持层次结构,即通过构造函数Phaser(Phaser parent)和Phaser(Phaser parent, int parties)构造一个树形结构。这有助于减轻因在单个的Phaser上注册过多的任务而导致的竞争,从而提升吞吐量,代价是增加单个操作的开销。
Sample Usage
Sample 1
在有些场景下,我们希望控制多个线程的启动时机:例如在并发相关的单元测试中,有时需要控制线程的启动时机,以期获得最大程度的并发,通常我们会使用CountDownLatch,以下是使用Phaser的版本。
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
public class PhaserTest1 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
//
final int count = 5;
final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(count);
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
System.out.println("starting thread, id: " + i);
final Thread thread = new Thread(new Task(i, phaser));
thread.start();
}
}
public static class Task implements Runnable {
//
private final int id;
private final Phaser phaser;
public Task(int id, Phaser phaser) {
this.id = id;
this.phaser = phaser;
}
@Override
public void run() {
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
System.out.println("in Task.run(), phase: " + phaser.getPhase() + ", id: " + this.id);
}
}
}
以上例子中,由于线程是在一个循环中start,因此start的时机有一定的间隔。本例中这些线程实际开始工作的时机是在所有的线程都调用了phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance()之后。
此外,如果留心arriveAndAwaitAdvance()方法的签名,会发现它并没有抛出InterruptedException,实际上,即使 当前线程被中断,arriveAndAwaitAdvance()方法也不会返回,而是继续等待。如果在等待时希望可中断,或者可超时,那么需要使用以下 方法:
awaitAdvance(arrive()) // 等效于arriveAndAwaitAdvance()
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase)
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Sample 2
有些时候我们希望只有在某些外部条件满足时,才真正开始任务的执行,例如:
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
public class PhaserTest2 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//
final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(1);
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
phaser.register();
System.out.println("starting thread, id: " + i);
final Thread thread = new Thread(new Task(i, phaser));
thread.start();
}
//
System.out.println("Press ENTER to continue");
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
reader.readLine();
phaser.arriveAndDeregister();
}
public static class Task implements Runnable {
//
private final int id;
private final Phaser phaser;
public Task(int id, Phaser phaser) {
this.id = id;
this.phaser = phaser;
}
@Override
public void run() {
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
System.out.println("in Task.run(), phase: " + phaser.getPhase() + ", id: " + this.id);
}
}
}
以上例子中,只有当用户按下回车之后,任务才真正开始执行。需要注意的是,arriveAndDeregister()方法不会被阻塞,并且返回到达时的phase number(arrive方法也是如此)。
Sample 3
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
public class PhaserTest3 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//
final int count = 5;
final int phaseToTerminate = 3;
final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(count) {
@Override
protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties) {
System.out.println("====== " + phase + " ======");
return phase >= phaseToTerminate || registeredParties == 0;
}
};
//
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
System.out.println("starting thread, id: " + i);
final Thread thread = new Thread(new Task(i, phaser));
thread.start();
}
}
public static class Task implements Runnable {
//
private final int id;
private final Phaser phaser;
public Task(int id, Phaser phaser) {
this.id = id;
this.phaser = phaser;
}
@Override
public void run() {
do {
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
// NOP
}
System.out.println("in Task.run(), phase: " + phaser.getPhase() + ", id: " + this.id);
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
} while(!phaser.isTerminated());
}
}
}
本例中的barrier action只是简单地打印了一条信息,此外在超过指定的迭代次数后终止了Phaser。
Sample 4
在Smaple 3的例子中,主线程在其它工作线程结束之前已经终止。如果希望主线程等待这些工作线程结束,除了使用Thread.join()之外,也可以尝试以下的方式:
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
public class PhaserTest4 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//
final int count = 5;
final int phaseToTerminate = 3;
final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(count) {
@Override
protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties) {
System.out.println("====== " + phase + " ======");
return phase == phaseToTerminate || registeredParties == 0;
}
};
//
for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
System.out.println("starting thread, id: " + i);
final Thread thread = new Thread(new Task(i, phaser));
thread.start();
}
//
phaser.register();
while (!phaser.isTerminated()) {
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
}
System.out.println("done");
}
public static class Task implements Runnable {
//
private final int id;
private final Phaser phaser;
public Task(int id, Phaser phaser) {
this.id = id;
this.phaser = phaser;
}
@Override
public void run() {
while(!phaser.isTerminated()) {
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
// NOP
}
System.out.println("in Task.run(), phase: " + phaser.getPhase() + ", id: " + this.id);
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
}
}
}
}
如果希望主线程在特定的phase结束之后终止,那么可以在主线程中调用下述方法:
public static void awaitPhase(Phaser phaser, int phase) {
int p = phaser.register(); // assumes caller not already registered
while (p < phase) {
if (phaser.isTerminated()) {
break; // ... deal with unexpected termination
} else {
p = phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
}
}
phaser.arriveAndDeregister();
}
需要注意的是,awaitPhase方法中的if (phaser.isTerminated()) 分支里需要能够正确处理Phaser终止的情况。否则由于在Phaser终止之后, phaser.register()和arriveAndAwaitAdvance()方法均返回负值,那么上述方法可能陷入死循环。
Sample 5
以下对Phaser进行分层的例子:
import java.util.concurrent.Phaser;
public class PhaserTest6 {
//
private static final int TASKS_PER_PHASER = 4;
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
//
final int phaseToTerminate = 3;
final Phaser phaser = new Phaser() {
@Override
protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties) {
System.out.println("====== " + phase + " ======");
return phase == phaseToTerminate || registeredParties == 0;
}
};
//
final Task tasks[] = new Task[10];
build(tasks, 0, tasks.length, phaser);
for (int i = 0; i < tasks.length; i++) {
System.out.println("starting thread, id: " + i);
final Thread thread = new Thread(tasks[i]);
thread.start();
}
}
public static void build(Task[] tasks, int lo, int hi, Phaser ph) {
if (hi - lo > TASKS_PER_PHASER) {
for (int i = lo; i < hi; i += TASKS_PER_PHASER) {
int j = Math.min(i + TASKS_PER_PHASER, hi);
build(tasks, i, j, new Phaser(ph));
}
} else {
for (int i = lo; i < hi; ++i)
tasks[i] = new Task(i, ph);
}
}
public static class Task implements Runnable {
//
private final int id;
private final Phaser phaser;
public Task(int id, Phaser phaser) {
this.id = id;
this.phaser = phaser;
this.phaser.register();
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (!phaser.isTerminated()) {
try {
Thread.sleep(200);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// NOP
}
System.out.println("in Task.run(), phase: " + phaser.getPhase() + ", id: " + this.id);
phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
}
}
}
}
需要注意的是,TASKS_PER_PHASER的值取决于具体的Task实现。对于Task执行时间很短的场景(也就是竞争相对激烈),可以考虑使用较小的TASKS_PER_PHASER值,例如4。反之可以适当增大TASKS_PER_PHASER。