1.基本排序
- list.sort():在原列表上排序。
- newlist = sorted(list):生成新的排序后的列表。
例如:
rowlist = [5,2,3,1,4]
rowlist.sort()
# 结果 rowlist = [1,2,3,4,5]
newlsit = sorted(rowlist)
# 结果 newlist = [1,2,3,4,5]
# 结果 rowlist = [5,2,3,1,4]
2.关键函数key
主要是用来比较的元素,它接收一个参数并返回一个用于排序的键。例如:
# 例1
rowlist = "This is a test string from Andrew".splist( )
newlist = sorted(rowlist, key=str.lower)
# 结果 newlist = ['a', 'Andrew', 'from', 'is', 'string', 'test', 'This']
# 例2
student_tuples = [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10)]
new_student_tuples = sorted(student_tuples, key=lambda student: student[2])
# 结果 new_student_tuples = [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
# 例3
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade, age):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
self.age = age
def __repr__(self):
return repr((self.name, self.grade, self.age))
student_objects = [Student('john', 'A', 15), Student('jane', 'B', 12), Student('dave', 'B', 10)]
new_student_objects = sorted(student_objects, key=lambda student: student.age)
# 结果 new_student_objects = [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
3.Operator 模块函数
Operator 模块有 itemgetter() 、 attrgetter() 和 methodcaller() 函数。使用这些函数,上述示例变得更简单,更快捷:
from operator import itemgetter, attrgetter
new_student_tuples = sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(2))
# 结果 new_student_tuples = [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
new_student_objects = sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age'))
# 结果 new_student_objects = [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
Operator 模块功能允许多级排序。 例如先按 grade 排序,然后按 age 排序:
new_student_tuples = sorted(student_tuples, key=itemgetter(1,2))
# 结果 new_student_tuples = [('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)]
new_student_objects = sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('grade', 'age'))
# 结果 new_student_objects = [('john', 'A', 15), ('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12)]
# 先升序后降序
people = [[7,0], [4,4], [7,1], [5,0], [6,1], [5,2]]
people.sort(key=lambda x : (x[0], -x[1]))
# 结果 people = [[4, 4], [5, 2], [5, 0], [6, 1], [7, 1], [7, 0]]
4.升序和降序
reverse=True:降序;
reverse=False:升序,默认。
例:
new_student_objects = sorted(student_objects, key=attrgetter('age'), reverse=True)
# 结果 new_student_objects = [('john', 'A', 15), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('dave', 'B', 10)]
5.排序稳定性
data = [('red', 1), ('blue', 1), ('red', 2), ('blue', 2)]
newdata = sorted(data, key=itemgetter(0))
# 结果 newdata = [('blue', 1), ('blue', 2), ('red', 1), ('red', 2)]
# 具有相同键值的记录保留了在原始数据中的先后顺序。
6.其它
-
对于区域相关的排序,请使用 locale.strxfrm() 作为键函数,或者 locale.strcoll() 作为比较函数。
-
reverse 参数仍然保持排序稳定性。
-
在两个对象之间进行比较时,保证排序例程使用 lt() 。 因此,通过定义 lt() 方法,可以很容易地为类添加标准排序顺序:
Student.__lt__ = lambda self, other: self.age < other.age new_student_objects = sorted(student_objects) # 结果 new_student_objects = [('dave', 'B', 10), ('jane', 'B', 12), ('john', 'A', 15)]
-
键函数不需要直接依赖于被排序的对象,键函数还可以访问外部资源。例如,如果学生成绩存储在字典中,则可以使用它们对单独的学生姓名列表进行排序:
students = ['dave', 'john', 'jane'] newgrades = {'john': 'F', 'jane':'A', 'dave': 'C'} new_students = sorted(students, key=newgrades.__getitem__) # 结果 new_students = ['jane', 'dave', 'john']