Django shortcut functions（Django快捷函数）

The package django.shortcuts collects helper functions and classes that “span” multiple levels of MVC. In other words, these functions/classes introduce controlled coupling for convenience’s sake.

django.shortcuts包含贯穿多级MVC的辅助函数与类，换言之，这些函数和类为了方便的缘故引进了受约束的耦合

render()

render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)[source]
Combines a given template with a given context dictionary and returns an HttpResponse object with that rendered text.（将给定的模板与上下文字典结合后返回一个带有渲染文本的HttpResponse对象 ）

from django.shortcuts import render

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', {
        'foo': 'bar',
    }, content_type='application/xhtml+xml')

以上内容等同于

This example is equivalent to:

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

def my_view(request):
    # View code here...
    t = loader.get_template('myapp/index.html')
    c = {'foo': 'bar'}
    return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type='application/xhtml+xml')

redirect()

redirect(to, permanent=False, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Returns an HttpResponseRedirect to the appropriate URL for the arguments passed.（对应传递给适当的URL的参数，返回一个HttpResponseRedirect ）

The arguments could be（参数可以是以下条目）:

• A model（模型）: the model’s get_absolute_url() function will be called.
• A view name（视图名称）, possibly with arguments: reverse() will be used to reverse-resolve the name.
• An absolute or relative URL（一个绝对或者相对的URL）, which will be used as-is for the redirect location.

By default issues a temporary redirect; pass permanent=True to issue a permanent redirect.（默认发送一个临时的重定向，传递permanent=True参数可以发送一个永久的重定向）

By passing some object; that object’s get_absolute_url() method will be called to figure out the redirect URL:传递对象，对象的get_absolute_url()方法将会被调用然后指明要重定向的URL

from django.shortcuts import redirect

def my_view(request):
    ...
    object = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(object)

By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the reverse() method:通过传递视图名称以及一些位置固定或者重要的参数，URL将会被reverse()函数解析转换

def my_view(request):
    ...
    return redirect('some-view-name', foo='bar')

By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:通过传递硬编码的URL进行重定向

def my_view(request):
    ...
    return redirect('/some/url/')

By default, redirect() returns a temporary redirect. All of the above forms accept a permanent argument; if set to True a permanent redirect will be returned:加上permanent参数之后就可以实现永久重定向了

def my_view(request):
    ...
    object = MyModel.objects.get(...)
    return redirect(object, permanent=True)

get_object_or_404()

get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Calls get() on a given model manager, but it raises Http404 instead of the model’s DoesNotExist exception.在一个给定的模型管理器上调用get()函数，但是如果模型的DoesNotExist异常触发的时候将自举一个Http404错误

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

def my_view(request):
    my_object = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)

等同于下：

This example is equivalent to:

from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    try:
        my_object = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
    except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")

get_list_or_404()

get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[source]

Returns the result of filter() on a given model manager cast to a list, raising Http404 if the resulting list is empty.对于给定的模型返回一个转换为列表的过滤结果，如果列表为空则自举Http404错误

from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)

This example is equivalent to:上例同下

from django.http import Http404

def my_view(request):
    my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
    if not my_objects:
        raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")