全局变量jiffies用来记录自系统启动以来产生的节拍的总数。启动时,内核将该变量初始化为0,此后,每次时钟中断处理程序都会增加该变量的值。一秒内时钟中断的次数等于Hz,所以jiffies一秒内增加的值也就是Hz。
系统运行时间以秒为单位,等于jiffies/Hz。
注意,jiffies类型为无符号长整型(unsigned long),其他任何类型存放它都不正确。
将以秒为单位的时间转化为jiffies:
seconds * Hz
将jiffies转化为以秒为单位的时间:
jiffies / Hz
相比之下,内核中将秒转换为jiffies用的多些。
- jiffies的内部表示
jiffies定义于文件<linux\Jiffies.h>中:
- /*
- * The 64-bit value is not atomic - you MUST NOT read it
- * without sampling the sequence number in xtime_lock.
- * get_jiffies_64() will do this for you as appropriate.
- */
- extern u64 __jiffy_data jiffies_64;
- extern unsigned long volatile __jiffy_data jiffies;
ld(1)脚本用于连接主内核映像(在x86上位于arch/i386/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S中),然后用jiffies_64变量的初值覆盖jiffies变量。因此jiffies取整个jiffies_64变量的低32位。
访问jiffies的代码只会读取jiffies_64的低32位,通过get_jiffies_64()函数就可以读取整个64位的值。在64位体系结构上,jiffies_64和jiffies指的是同一个变量。
- #if (BITS_PER_LONG < 64)
- u64 get_jiffies_64(void);
- #else
- static inline u64 get_jiffies_64(void)
- {
- return (u64)jiffies;
- }
- #endif
- 在<Time.c(kernel)>中
- #if (BITS_PER_LONG < 64)
- u64 get_jiffies_64(void)
- {
- unsigned long seq;
- u64 ret;
- do {
- seq = read_seqbegin(&xtime_lock);
- ret = jiffies_64;
- } while (read_seqretry(&xtime_lock, seq));
- return ret;
- }
- jiffies的回绕wrap around
当jiffies的值超过它的最大存放范围后就会发生溢出。对于32位无符号长整型,最大取值为(2^32)-1,即429496795。如果节拍计数达到了最大值后还要继续增加,它的值就会回绕到0。
内核提供了四个宏来帮助比较节拍计数,它们能正确的处理节拍计数回绕的问题:
- /*
- * These inlines deal with timer wrapping correctly. You are
- * strongly encouraged to use them
- * 1. Because people otherwise forget
- * 2. Because if the timer wrap changes in future you won't have to
- * alter your driver code.
- *
- * time_after(a,b) returns true if the time a is after time b.
- *
- * Do this with "<0" and ">=0" to only test the sign of the result. A
- * good compiler would generate better code (and a really good compiler
- * wouldn't care). Gcc is currently neither.
- */
- #define time_after(a,b) \
- (typecheck(unsigned long, a) && \
- typecheck(unsigned long, b) && \
- ((long)(b) - (long)(a) < 0))
- #define time_before(a,b) time_after(b,a)
- #define time_after_eq(a,b) \
- (typecheck(unsigned long, a) && \
- typecheck(unsigned long, b) && \
- ((long)(a) - (long)(b) >= 0))
- #define time_before_eq(a,b) time_after_eq(b,a)
- /* Same as above, but does so with platform independent 64bit types.
- * These must be used when utilizing jiffies_64 (i.e. return value of
- * get_jiffies_64() */
- #define time_after64(a,b) \
- (typecheck(__u64, a) && \
- typecheck(__u64, b) && \
- ((__s64)(b) - (__s64)(a) < 0))
- #define time_before64(a,b) time_after64(b,a)
- #define time_after_eq64(a,b) \
- (typecheck(__u64, a) && \
- typecheck(__u64, b) && \
- ((__s64)(a) - (__s64)(b) >= 0))
- #define time_before_eq64(a,b) time_after_eq64(b,a)
- 用户空间和HZ
问题提出:
在2.6以前的内核中,如果改变内核中的HZ值会给用户空间中某些程序造成异常结果。因为内核是以节拍数/秒的形式给用户空间导出这个值的,应用程序便依赖这个特定的HZ值。如果在内核中改变了HZ的定义值,就打破了用户空间的常量关系---用户空间并不知道新的HZ值。
解决方法:
内核更改所有导出的jiffies值。内核定义了USER_HZ来代表用户空间看到的HZ值。在x86体系结构上,由于HZ值原来一直是100,所以USER_HZ值就定义为100。内核可以使用宏jiffies_to_clock_t()将一个有HZ表示的节拍计数转换为一个由USER_HZ表示的节拍计数。
- 在<Time.c(kernel)>中
- /*
- * Convert jiffies/jiffies_64 to clock_t and back.
- */
- clock_t jiffies_to_clock_t(long x)
- {
- #if (TICK_NSEC % (NSEC_PER_SEC / USER_HZ)) == 0
- return x / (HZ / USER_HZ);
- #else
- u64 tmp = (u64)x * TICK_NSEC;
- do_div(tmp, (NSEC_PER_SEC / USER_HZ));
- return (long)tmp;
- #endif
- }
- unsigned long clock_t_to_jiffies(unsigned long x)
- {
- #if (HZ % USER_HZ)==0
- if (x >= ~0UL / (HZ / USER_HZ))
- return ~0UL;
- return x * (HZ / USER_HZ);
- #else
- u64 jif;
- /* Don't worry about loss of precision here .. */
- if (x >= ~0UL / HZ * USER_HZ)
- return ~0UL;
- /* .. but do try to contain it here */
- jif = x * (u64) HZ;
- do_div(jif, USER_HZ);
- return jif;
- #endif
- }
- u64 jiffies_64_to_clock_t(u64 x)
- {
- #if (TICK_NSEC % (NSEC_PER_SEC / USER_HZ)) == 0
- do_div(x, HZ / USER_HZ);
- #else
- /*
- * There are better ways that don't overflow early,
- * but even this doesn't overflow in hundreds of years
- * in 64 bits, so..
- */
- x *= TICK_NSEC;
- do_div(x, (NSEC_PER_SEC / USER_HZ));
- #endif
- return x;
- }
- 在<Div64.h(include\asm-i385)>中
- /*
- * do_div() is NOT a C function. It wants to return
- * two values (the quotient and the remainder), but
- * since that doesn't work very well in C, what it
- * does is:
- *
- * - modifies the 64-bit dividend _in_place_
- * - returns the 32-bit remainder
- *
- * This ends up being the most efficient "calling
- * convention" on x86.
- */
- #define do_div(n,base) ({ \
- unsigned long __upper, __low, __high, __mod, __base; \
- __base = (base); \
- asm("":"=a" (__low), "=d" (__high):"A" (n)); \
- __upper = __high; \
- if (__high) { \
- __upper = __high % (__base); \
- __high = __high / (__base); \
- } \
- asm("divl %2":"=a" (__low), "=d" (__mod):"rm" (__base), "0" (__low), "1" (__upper)); \
- asm("":"=A" (n):"a" (__low),"d" (__high)); \
- __mod; \
- })
用户空间期望HZ=USER_HZ,但是如果它们不相等,则由宏完成转换。
内核用jiffies变量记录系统启动以来经过的时钟滴答数,它的声明如下:
- extern u64 __jiffy_data jiffies_64;
- extern unsigned long volatile __jiffy_data jiffies;
- time_after(a,b)
- time_before(a,b)
- time_after_eq(a,b)
- time_before_eq(a,b)
- time_in_range(a,b,c)
同时,内核还提供了一些辅助函数用于jiffies和毫秒以及纳秒之间的转换:
- unsigned int jiffies_to_msecs(const unsigned long j);
- unsigned int jiffies_to_usecs(const unsigned long j);
- unsigned long msecs_to_jiffies(const unsigned int m);
- unsigned long usecs_to_jiffies(const unsigned int u);
2. struct timeval
- struct timeval {
- __kernel_time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
- __kernel_suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */
- };
3. struct timespec
- struct timespec {
- __kernel_time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
- long tv_nsec; /* nanoseconds */
- };
- static inline int timespec_equal(const struct timespec *a, const struct timespec *b);
- static inline int timespec_compare(const struct timespec *lhs, const struct timespec *rhs);
- static inline int timeval_compare(const struct timeval *lhs, const struct timeval *rhs);
- extern unsigned long mktime(const unsigned int year, const unsigned int mon,
- const unsigned int day, const unsigned int hour,
- const unsigned int min, const unsigned int sec);
- extern void set_normalized_timespec(struct timespec *ts, time_t sec, s64 nsec);
- static inline struct timespec timespec_add(struct timespec lhs, struct timespec rhs);
- static inline struct timespec timespec_sub(struct timespec lhs, struct timespec rhs);
- static inline s64 timespec_to_ns(const struct timespec *ts);
- static inline s64 timeval_to_ns(const struct timeval *tv);
- extern struct timespec ns_to_timespec(const s64 nsec);
- extern struct timeval ns_to_timeval(const s64 nsec);
- static __always_inline void timespec_add_ns(struct timespec *a, u64 ns);
- unsigned long timespec_to_jiffies(const struct timespec *value);
- void jiffies_to_timespec(const unsigned long jiffies, struct timespec *value);
- unsigned long timeval_to_jiffies(const struct timeval *value);
- void jiffies_to_timeval(const unsigned long jiffies, struct timeval *value);
timekeeper中的xtime字段用timespec作为时间单位。
4. struct ktime
- union ktime {
- s64 tv64;
- #if BITS_PER_LONG != 64 && !defined(CONFIG_KTIME_SCALAR)
- struct {
- # ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN
- s32 sec, nsec;
- # else
- s32 nsec, sec;
- # endif
- } tv;
- #endif
- };
- ktime_t ktime_set(const long secs, const unsigned long nsecs);
- ktime_t ktime_sub(const ktime_t lhs, const ktime_t rhs);
- ktime_t ktime_add(const ktime_t add1, const ktime_t add2);
- ktime_t ktime_add_ns(const ktime_t kt, u64 nsec);
- ktime_t ktime_sub_ns(const ktime_t kt, u64 nsec);
- ktime_t timespec_to_ktime(const struct timespec ts);
- ktime_t timeval_to_ktime(const struct timeval tv);
- struct timespec ktime_to_timespec(const ktime_t kt);
- struct timeval ktime_to_timeval(const ktime_t kt);
- s64 ktime_to_ns(const ktime_t kt);
- int ktime_equal(const ktime_t cmp1, const ktime_t cmp2);
- s64 ktime_to_us(const ktime_t kt);
- s64 ktime_to_ms(const ktime_t kt);
- ktime_t ns_to_ktime(u64 ns);