重定向和管道操作

 

Redirection Operation

重定向和管道操作

 

All Shell

< file    > file    >> file

Cmd1 | cmd2

0 stdin, 1 stdout, 2 stderr

 

 

sh, ksh

0< file    1> file    2> file    1>> file    2>> file

<&m    >&m    m>&n, m,n is file descriptor

<&-, close standard input

>&-, close standard output

m<&-    m>&-, close file descriptor m

 

examples:

grep “John” 0< tempfile

ls –l foo 2> error.log

cat lab1 lab2 lab3 1> cat.output 2> cat.err

cat lab1 lab2 lab3 1> cat.output.err 2>&1

    pay attention to the redirection instruction order

    cat lab1 lab2 lab3 2>&1 1> cat.output.err

ls –l foo 1>> output.dat 2>> error.log

 

 

ksh

set –o noclobber, set noclobber to prevent overwritting files accidently.

set +o noclobber

>| file, ignore noclobber and assign stdout to ‘file’

>>| file, ignore noclobber and append stdout to ‘file’

 

 

csh

>& file, output and error redirection

>! file, ignore noclobber and assign stdout to ‘file’

>>! file, ignore noclobber and append stdout to ‘file’,

          if file does not exit, create it.

>>&! file, ignore noclobber, append stdout and stderr to ‘file’

cmd1 |& cmd2, connect stdout and stderr of cmd1 to stdin of cmd2

(cmd>/dev/tty)>&file, redirect stderr of cmd to ‘file’

set noclobber

unset noclobber

 

/dev/tty

/dev/null

抛弃输出数据, 如 $ echo "hello" > /dev/null

获取空文件，如 $ cat /dev/null > messages