OkHttp简介
http是现在主流应用使用的网络请求方式, 用来交换数据和内容, 有效的使用HTTP可以使你的APP 变的更快和减少流量的使用
OkHttp 是一个很棒HTTP客户端:
- 支持SPDY, 可以合并多个到同一个主机的请求
- 使用连接池技术减少请求的延迟(如果SPDY是可用的话)
- 使用GZIP压缩减少传输的数据量
- 缓存响应避免重复的网络请求
当你的网络出现拥挤的时候,就是OKHttp 大显身手的时候, 它可以避免常见的网络问题,如果你的服务是部署在不同的IP上面的,如果第一个连接失败, OkHTtp会尝试其他的连接. 这个对现在IPv4+IPv6 中常见的把服务冗余部署在不同的数据中心上. OkHttp 将使用现在TLS特性(SNI ALPN) 来初始化新的连接. 如果握手失败, 将切换到SLLv3
使用OkHttp很容易, 同时支持异步阻塞请求和回调.
如果你使用OkHttp ,你不用重写你的代码, okhttp-urlconnection模块实现了 java.net.HttpURLConnection 中的API, okhttp-apache模块实现了HttpClient中的API。
疑问，什么是SPDY？
SPDY（读作“SPeeDY”）是Google开发的基于TCP的应用层协议，用以最小化网络延迟，提升网络速度，优化用户的网络使用体验。SPDY并不是一种用于替代HTTP的协议，而是对HTTP协议的增强。新协议的功能包括数据流的多路复用、请求优先级以及HTTP报头压缩。
谷歌表示，引入SPDY协议后，在实验室测试中页面加载速度比原先快64%。
相关资料库
官方网站： http://square.github.io/okhttp/
Synchronous Get
Download a file, print its headers, and print its response body as a string.
The string() method on response body is convenient and efficient for small documents. But if the response body is large (greater than 1 MiB), avoid string() because it will load the entire document into memory. In that case, prefer to process the body as a stream.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
}
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Asynchronous Get
Download a file on a worker thread, and get called back when the response is readable. The callback is made after the response headers are ready. Reading the response body may still block. OkHttp doesn't currently offer asynchronous APIs to receive a response body in parts.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
@Override public void onFailure(Request request, Throwable throwable) {
throwable.printStackTrace();
}
@Override public void onResponse(Response response) throws IOException {
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
}
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
});
}
Accessing Headers
Typically HTTP headers work like a Map<String, String>: each field has one value or none. But some headers permit multiple values, like Guava's Multimap. For example, it's legal and common for an HTTP response to supply multiple Vary headers. OkHttp's APIs attempt to make both cases comfortable.
When writing request headers, use header(name, value) to set the only occurrence ofname to value. If there are existing values, they will be removed before the new value is added. Use addHeader(name, value) to add a header without removing the headers already present.
When reading response a header, use header(name) to return the last occurrence of the named value. Usually this is also the only occurrence! If no value is present, header(name)will return null. To read all of a field's values as a list, use headers(name).
To visit all headers, use the Headers class which supports access by index.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
.header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
}
Posting a String
Use an HTTP POST to send a request body to a service. This example posts a markdown document to a web service that renders markdown as HTML. Because the entire request body is in memory simultaneously, avoid posting large (greater than 1 MiB) documents using this API.
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
String postBody = ""
+ "Releases\n"
+ "--------\n"
+ "\n"
+ " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n"
+ " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n"
+ " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n";
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody))
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Post Streaming
Here we POST a request body as a stream. The content of this request body is being generated as it's being written. This example streams directly into the Okio buffered sink. Your programs may prefer an OutputStream, which you can get fromBufferedSink.outputStream().
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
@Override public MediaType contentType() {
return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
}
@Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
}
}
private String factor(int n) {
for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
int x = n / i;
if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i;
}
return Integer.toString(n);
}
};
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(requestBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Posting a File
It's easy to use a file as a request body.
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN
= MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
File file = new File("README.md");
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Posting form parameters
Use FormEncodingBuilder to build a request body that works like an HTML <form> tag. Names and values will be encoded using an HTML-compatible form URL encoding.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody formBody = new FormEncodingBuilder()
.add("search", "Jurassic Park")
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
.post(formBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Posting a multipart request
MultipartBuilder can build sophisticated request bodies compatible with HTML file upload forms. Each part of a multipart request body is itself a request body, and can define its own headers. If present, these headers should describe the part body, such as itsContent-Disposition. The Content-Length and Content-Type headers are added automatically if they're available.
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
// Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBuilder()
.type(MultipartBuilder.FORM)
.addPart(
Headers.of("Content-Disposition", "form-data; name=\"title\""),
RequestBody.create(null, "Square Logo"))
.addPart(
Headers.of("Content-Disposition", "form-data; name=\"image\""),
RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
.url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
.post(requestBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
Parse a JSON Response With Gson
Gson is a handy API for converting between JSON and Java objects. Here we're using it to decode a JSON response from a GitHub API.
Note that ResponseBody.charStream() uses the Content-Type response header to select which charset to use when decoding the response body. It defaults to UTF-8 if no charset is specified.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
private final Gson gson = new Gson();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey());
System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
}
}
static class Gist {
Map<String, GistFile> files;
}
static class GistFile {
String content;
}
Response Caching
To cache responses, you'll need a cache directory that you can read and write to, and a limit on the cache's size. The cache directory should be private, and untrusted applications should not be able to read its contents!
It is an error to have multiple caches accessing the same cache directory simultaneously. Most applications should call new OkHttpClient() exactly once, configure it with their cache, and use that same instance everywhere. Otherwise the two cache instances will stomp on each other, corrupt the response cache, and possibly crash your program.
Response caching uses HTTP headers for all configuration. You can add request headers like Cache-Control: max-stale=3600 and OkHttp's cache will honor them. Your webserver configures how long responses are cached with its own response headers, like Cache-Control: max-age=9600. There are cache headers to force a cached response, force a network response, or force the network response to be validated with a conditional GET.
private final OkHttpClient client;
public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);
client = new OkHttpClient();
client.setCache(cache);
}
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);
String response1Body = response1.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 1 response: " + response1);
System.out.println("Response 1 cache response: " + response1.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 1 network response: " + response1.networkResponse());
Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);
String response2Body = response2.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 2 response: " + response2);
System.out.println("Response 2 cache response: " + response2.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 2 network response: " + response2.networkResponse());
System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
}
To prevent a response from using the cache, use CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK. To prevent it from using the network, use CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE. Be warned: if you useFORCE_CACHE and the response requires the network, OkHttp will return a 504 Unsatisfiable Request response.
Canceling a Call
Use Call.cancel() to stop an ongoing call immediately. If a thread is currently writing a request or reading a response, it will receive an IOException. Use this to conserve the network when a call is no longer necessary; for example when your user navigates away from an application. Both synchronous and asynchronous calls can be canceled.
You can cancel multiple requests simultaneously with tags. Assign a tag when you build a request with RequestBuilder.tag(tag). You can then use OkHttpClient.cancel(tag) to cancel all calls with that tag.
private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
.build();
final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
final Call call = client.newCall(request);
// Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second.
executor.schedule(new Runnable() {
@Override public void run() {
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
call.cancel();
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
}
}, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
try {
System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
Response response = call.execute();
System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n",
(System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n",
(System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
}
}
Timeouts
Use timeouts to fail a call when its peer is unreachable. Network partitions can be due to client connectivity problems, server availability problems, or anything between. OkHttp supports connect, read, and write timeouts.
private final OkHttpClient client;
public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception {
client = new OkHttpClient();
client.setConnectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
client.setWriteTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
client.setReadTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay.
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response completed: " + response);
}
Per-call Configuration
All the HTTP client configuration lives in OkHttpClient including proxy settings, timeouts, and caches. When you need to change the configuration of a single call, clone theOkHttpClient. This returns a shallow copy that you can customize independently. In the example below, we make one request with a 500 ms timeout and another with a 3000 ms timeout.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay.
.build();
try {
OkHttpClient cloned = client.clone(); // Clone to make a customized OkHttp for this request.
cloned.setReadTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
Response response = cloned.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
}
try {
OkHttpClient cloned = client.clone(); // Clone to make a customized OkHttp for this request.
cloned.setReadTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
Response response = cloned.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
}
}
Handling authentication
OkHttp can automatically retry unauthenticated requests. When a response is 401 Not Authorized, an Authenticator is asked to supply credentials. Implementations should build a new request that includes the missing credentials. If no credentials are available, return null to skip the retry.
Use Response.challenges() to get the schemes and realms of any authentication challenges. When fulfilling a Basic challenge, use Credentials.basic(username, password) to encode the request header.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
client.setAuthenticator(new Authenticator() {
@Override public Request authenticate(Proxy proxy, Response response) {
System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response);
System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges());
String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1");
return response.request().newBuilder()
.header("Authorization", credential)
.build();
}
@Override public Request authenticateProxy(Proxy proxy, Response response) {
return null; // Null indicates no attempt to authenticate.
}
});
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
To avoid making many retries when authentication isn't working, you can return null to give up. For example, you may want to skip the retry when these exact credentials have already been attempted:
if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) {
return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry.
}
You may also skip the retry when you’ve hit an application-defined attempt limit:
if (responseCount(response) >= 3) {
return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up.
}
This above code relies on this responseCount() method:
private int responseCount(Response response) {
int result = 1;
while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) {
result++;
}
return result;
}
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