chapter7：朴素贝叶斯及文本－－－非结构化文本分类

　非结构化数据包括邮件、推文、博文、新闻报道等对象。这些数据看上去（至少一眼看上去）并不能很清晰地通过表格来描述。

一、一个文本正负倾向性的自动判定系统

　　这里的数据集称为训练语料库（training corpus）。语料库中的每条记录即使只是一段１４０个字符的推文，每个文档都标注了正面或负面类别

　　一种方法可以从文档的第一句开始，比如Puts the Thrill back in Thriller，然后计算一篇正面文档以Puts开始的概率，以the为开始第二个词的概率，以Thrill为第三个词的概率，等等。这么多概率需要计算使得上述做法不可行。

　　但我们可以通过将文档看成无序词袋(bag of words)从而对上述做法进行简化。

二、训练阶段

　　　Newsgroup语料库http://qwone.com/~json/20Newsgroups/

　　　　　该数据有来自２０个不同新闻组的帖子

           常用词和停用词

　　　　　这会减少我们的处理量

　　　　　去掉它们之后会提高性能

三、用Python

     BayesText类

　　　１、初始化方法

　　　　　读入停用词表中的词

　　　　　读取训练目录来获取子目录的名字

　　　　　对每个子目录，调用train方法来计算该目录下所有文件中的单词出现数目

　　　　　利用如下公式计算概率

　　　　　　　P(wk | hi) = (nk + 1) / ( n + |Vocabulary| )

from __future__ import print_function
import os, codecs, math

class BayesText:

    def __init__(self, trainingdir, stopwordlist):
        """This class implements a naive Bayes approach to text
        classification
        trainingdir is the training data. Each subdirectory of
        trainingdir is titled with the name of the classification
        category -- those subdirectories in turn contain the text
        files for that category.
        The stopwordlist is a list of words (one per line) will be
        removed before any counting takes place.
        """
        self.vocabulary = {}
        self.prob = {}
        self.totals = {}
        self.stopwords = {}
        f = open(stopwordlist)
        for line in f:
            self.stopwords[line.strip()] = 1
        f.close()
        categories = os.listdir(trainingdir)
        #filter out files that are not directories
        self.categories = [filename for filename in categories
                           if os.path.isdir(trainingdir + filename)]
        print("Counting ...")
        for category in self.categories:
            print('    ' + category)
            (self.prob[category],
             self.totals[category]) = self.train(trainingdir, category)
        # I am going to eliminate any word in the vocabulary
        # that doesn't occur at least 3 times
        toDelete = []
        for word in self.vocabulary:
            if self.vocabulary[word] < 3:
                # mark word for deletion
                # can't delete now because you can't delete
                # from a list you are currently iterating over
                toDelete.append(word)
        # now delete
        for word in toDelete:
            del self.vocabulary[word]
        # now compute probabilities
        vocabLength = len(self.vocabulary)
        print("Computing probabilities:")
        for category in self.categories:
            print('    ' + category)
            denominator = self.totals[category] + vocabLength
            for word in self.vocabulary:
                if word in self.prob[category]:
                    count = self.prob[category][word]
                else:
                    count = 1
                self.prob[category][word] = (float(count + 1)
                                             / denominator)
        print ("DONE TRAINING\n\n")
                    

    def train(self, trainingdir, category):
        """counts word occurrences for a particular category"""
        currentdir = trainingdir + category
        files = os.listdir(currentdir)
        counts = {}
        total = 0
        for file in files:
            #print(currentdir + '/' + file)
            f = codecs.open(currentdir + '/' + file, 'r', 'iso8859-1')
            for line in f:
                tokens = line.split()
                for token in tokens:
                    # get rid of punctuation and lowercase token
                    token = token.strip('\'".,?:-')
                    token = token.lower()
                    if token != '' and not token in self.stopwords:
                        self.vocabulary.setdefault(token, 0)
                        self.vocabulary[token] += 1
                        counts.setdefault(token, 0)
                        counts[token] += 1
                        total += 1
            f.close()
        return(counts, total)
                    
                    
    def classify(self, filename):
        results = {}
        for category in self.categories:
            results[category] = 0
        f = codecs.open(filename, 'r', 'iso8859-1')
        for line in f:
            tokens = line.split()
            for token in tokens:
                #print(token)
                token = token.strip('\'".,?:-').lower()
                if token in self.vocabulary:
                    for category in self.categories:
                        if self.prob[category][token] == 0:
                            print("%s %s" % (category, token))
                        results[category] += math.log(
                            self.prob[category][token])
        f.close()
        results = list(results.items())
        results.sort(key=lambda tuple: tuple[1], reverse = True)
        # for debugging I can change this to give me the entire list
        return results[0][0]

    def testCategory(self, directory, category):
        files = os.listdir(directory)
        total = 0
        correct = 0
        for file in files:
            total += 1
            result = self.classify(directory + file)
            if result == category:
                correct += 1
        return (correct, total)

    def test(self, testdir):
        """Test all files in the test directory--that directory is
        organized into subdirectories--each subdir is a classification
        category"""
        categories = os.listdir(testdir)
        #filter out files that are not directories
        categories = [filename for filename in categories if
                      os.path.isdir(testdir + filename)]
        correct = 0
        total = 0
        for category in categories:
            print(".", end="")
            (catCorrect, catTotal) = self.testCategory(
                testdir + category + '/', category)
            correct += catCorrect
            total += catTotal
        print("\n\nAccuracy is  %f%%  (%i test instances)" %
              ((float(correct) / total) * 100, total))
            
# change these to match your directory structure
baseDirectory = "/Users/raz/Dropbox/guide/data/20news-bydate/"
trainingDir = baseDirectory + "20news-bydate-train/"
testDir = baseDirectory + "20news-bydate-test/"


stoplistfile = "/Users/raz/Downloads/20news-bydate/stopwords0.txt"
print("Reg stoplist 0 ")
bT = BayesText(trainingDir, baseDirectory + "stopwords0.txt")
print("Running Test ...")
bT.test(testDir)

print("\n\nReg stoplist 25 ")
bT = BayesText(trainingDir, baseDirectory + "stopwords25.txt")
print("Running Test ...")
bT.test(testDir)

print("\n\nReg stoplist 174 ")
bT = BayesText(trainingDir, baseDirectory + "stopwords174.txt")
print("Running Test ...")
bT.test(testDir)

四、朴素贝叶斯以及情感分析

情感分析的目标是确定作者的态度或看法

一种常见的情感分析是确定某条评论的极性（正向或负向）

阅读本书成为数据挖掘专家的可能性不会比阅读钢琴书成为钢琴演奏高手的可能性更大。你需要不断实践