五、if 语句

1. 条件测试/布尔表达式

• 值为True或False的表达式，是if语句的核心
  • True/False 首字母大写
• == / != 检查是否 相等/不相等
  • 区分大小写
• ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= 比较数字
  • 建议比较运算符两边各加一个空格
• and, or检查多个条件
  • 为改善可读性，可将每个测试分别放在一对括号内
    (age_0 >= 21) and (age_1 >= 21)
• in / not in 检查特定值是否 包含/不包含 在列表中

2. if 语句

(1) if

age = 19

# 无括号，有冒号
# 若测试通过，将执行if语句后面所有缩进的代码行
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")


# 若要运行多个代码块，就使用一系列独立的if语句
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese']
if 'mushrooms' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding mushrooms.")
if 'pepperoni' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding pepperoni.")
if 'extra cheese' in requested_toppings:
    print("Adding extra cheese.")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

=>

Adding mushrooms.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

(2) if-else

age = 17
if age >= 18:
    print("You are old enough to vote!")
    print("Have you registered to vote yet?")

# 前面不缩进，末尾有冒号
else:
    print("Sorry, you are too young to vote.")
    print("Please register to vote as soon as you turn 18!")

(3) if-elif-else

age = 12
if age < 4:
    print("Your admission cost is $0.")

# 可根据需要使用任意数量的elif代码块
elif age < 18:
    print("Your admission cost is $5.")

# 不要求必须有else代码块
# else包罗万象，可能会引入无效甚至恶意的数据
else:
    print("Your admission cost is $10.")

3. 处理列表

(1) 检查特殊元素

在for循环中包含一条if语句

requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'green peppers', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
# 在for循环中包含一条if语句
    if requested_topping == 'green peppers':
        print('Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now.')
    else:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

=>

Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we are out of green peppers right now
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

(2) 确定列表不是空的

“if 列表名”：列表不为空返回True，否则返回False

requested_toppings = []
# "if 列表名"：列表不为空返回True，否则返回False
if requested_toppings:
    for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
    print("\nFinished making your pizza!")
else:
    print("Are you sure you want a plain pizza?")

=>

Are you sure you want a plain pizza?

(3) 使用多个列表

available_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'olives', 'green peppers', 'pepperoni', 'pineapple', 'extra cheese']
requested_toppings = ['mushrooms', 'French fries', 'extra cheese']
for requested_topping in requested_toppings:
    if requested_topping in available_toppings:
        print("Adding " + requested_topping + ".")
    else:
        print("Sorry, we don't have " + requested_topping + ".")
print("\nFinished making your pizza!")

=>

Adding mushrooms.
Sorry, we don't have French fries.
Adding extra cheese.

Finished making your pizza!

练习

已有用户名列表为current_users，新用户名列表元素变量为new_user，使用一个if语句不区分大小写地检查出new_user是否已在current_users中存在

current_users = ['Sally', 'Jingru', 'Queena']
new_users = ['SALLY', 'J', 'Lisa']
for new_user in new_users:
# 思路：
# 1. 获取全小写的 current_users 列表以实现“不区分大小写”：[current_user.lower() for current_user in current_users]
# 2. 将 new_user 也变成全小写方式用 in 以检查是否已存在于全小写的 current_users 列表中：if new_user.lower() in [...]
    if new_user.lower() in [current_user.lower() for current_user in current_users]:
        print("'" + new_user + "'" + ' is an existed username.')

    else:
        print("'" + new_user + "'" + ' is a valid new username.')

=>

'SALLY' is an existed username.
'J' is a valid new username.
'Lisa' is a valid new username.