DefaultIfEmpty and Left Outer Join

http://www.xmaspx.com/u/guitarpark/Blog.aspx/t-19

  DefaultIfEmpty函数：若指定数据源为空的时候，返回一个默认值，此函数延时加载。
例：
int[] ints = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
                var result = ints.DefaultIfEmpty();
     foreach (int x in result)
                Response.Write(x);
由于ints数组不为空，所以最后输出结果为123456。
 
int[] ints = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
                var result = ints.DefaultIfEmpty(-1);
     foreach (int x in result)
                Response.Write(x);
同上，由于ints数组不为空，所以最后输出结果为123456。
 
int[] ints = { };
                var result = ints.DefaultIfEmpty(-1);
     foreach (int x in result)
                Response.Write(x);
由于ints数组为空，所以最后输出结果为ints1.DefaultIfEmpty(-1)中指定的-1。

http://www.cnblogs.com/cs_net/articles/2059846.html

 左外连接与SqL中left join一样。如下例找出根据publisher中找出SampleData.Publishers中所有资料和book中存在于publisher的资料。

     左外连接查询语句如下：

             // left join, 为空时用default
            var leftJoinQuerybyDefault  =  from publisher  in  SampleData.Publishers
                                         join book  in  SampleData.Books
                                           on publisher equals book.Publisher into publisherBooks
                                         from book  in  publisherBooks.DefaultIfEmpty()
                                         select  new
                                         {
                                             PublisherName  =  publisher.Name,
                                             BookName  =  (book  ==   default (Book))  ?   " no book "  : book.Title
                                         };

     注：上例中使用了DefaultIfEmpty操作符，它能够为实序列提供一个默认的元素。DefaultIfEmpty使用了泛型中的default关键字。default关键字对于引用类型将返回null,而对于值类型则返回0。对于结构体类型，则会根据其成员类型将它们相应地初始化为null(引用类型)或0(值类型)。

    我们可以不使用default关键字，但在要DefaultIfEmpty中给定当空时的默认对象值。语句如下：

             // left join, 为空时使用默认对象
            var leftJoinQuery  =  from publisher  in  SampleData.Publishers
                                        join book  in  SampleData.Books
                                          on publisher equals book.Publisher into publisherBooks
                                        from book  in  publisherBooks.DefaultIfEmpty(
                                         new  Book { Title  =   ""  }                          // 设置为空时的默认值
                                        )
                                        select  new
                                        {
                                            PublisherName  =  publisher.Name,
                                            BookName  =  book.Title
                                        };