Python之 函数的定义，调用，传递实参，使用位置实参和关键字实参，显示函数，有返回值的函数，将函数与列表，字典，while,if结合，导入模块

Python之 函数的定义，调用，传递实参，使用位置实参和关键字实参，显示函数，有返回值的函数，将函数与列表，字典，while,if结合，导入模块
注意：以下代码均可正常运行，下附有运行实现代码，以及导入的模块

代码区

#函数

#问候函数
def greet():   #无参数
    """显示简单的问候语""" #文档字符串的注释
    print("hello")
greet()   #调用

def greet(username):   #有参数
    print("hello,"+username.title()+'!')
greet('jenney')

#传递实参的多种方式
#1.位置实参--顺序千万不乱
def pet(type,name):
    """显示宠物信息"""
    print("I have a "+type+'. '+"name is "+name+'.')
pet('hamster','honey')
pet('dog','dyiny')    #可以多次调用函数

#2.关键字实参--传递给函数的名称-值对，在实参中将名称和值关联起来了，无需关心顺序
pet(name='dyu',type='cat')

#默认值--给形参指定默认值，若提供了实参，那么用实参，否则用形参默认值；所以调用函数时可以省略
def pets(name,type='dog'):
    print("I have a "+type+'. '+"name is "+name+'.')
pets(name='jen')
pets(name='colin',type='cat')

#返回值--任何类型的值，包括列表和字典等复杂的数据结构
def name(first,last):
    """返回整洁的姓名"""
    full_name=first+' '+last
    return full_name.title()  #注意缩进
student=name('tian','yan')
print(student)

#让实参可选--位置实参与默认值的结合
def name(first,last,middle=' '):
    """返回整洁的姓名"""
    if middle:    #非空字符串为True
        fullname=first+' '+middle+' '+last
    else:
        fullname=first+' '+last
    return fullname.title()   
teacher=name('juli','jeneny')
print(teacher)

#返回字典
def person(first_name,last_name):
    """返回一个字典，其中包含一个人的信息"""
    data={'first':first_name,'last':last_name}
    return data
student=person('jenni','honey')
print(student)

#while与函数
while True:
    print('tell me your name: ')
    print("(enter 'q' at any time to quit)")
    f_name=input('First name:')
    if f_name=='q':
        break
    l_name=input('Last name: ')
    if l_name=='q':
        break
    formatted_name=person(f_name,l_name)
    print(formatted_name)

#向函数传递列表
def greet(names):
    """向列表中的每一位用户都发出简单的问候"""
    for name in names:
        msg="hello,"+name.title()+'!!'
        print(msg)
users_name=['jenney','diana','colin']
greet(users_name)

#在函数中修改列表---永久性的
def print_models(unprinted,completed):
    """打印每个设计，直到没有设计
        然后移动到completed列表中"""
    while unprinted:
        current=unprinted.pop()
        print("Printing models:"+current)
        completed.append(current)

def show(completed):
    """显示打印好的模型"""
    print("the following models have been printed: ")
    for model in completed:
        print(model)
unprinted=['robot','dog','cat']
completed=[]
print_models(unprinted,completed)
show(completed)

#禁止函数修改列表--向函数传递副本，不影响原件
print_models(unprinted[:],completed)  #切片表示法[:]创建列表副本

#传递任意数量的实参--修改形参的表示
def make(*toppings):    
    """打印顾客点的配料"""
    print("making a pizza with following toppings")
    for topping in toppings:
        print('- '+topping)
make('peper')
make('mushroom','green peeper')
#原理：*让Python创建一个叫做toppings的空元组，并将收到的所有实参值都封装到这个元组


#结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参
#必须要将 接纳任意数量的实参放在最后，先匹配位置实参以及关键字实参
def make_pizza(size,*toppings):
    """概述要制作的比萨"""
    print("Making a "+str(size)+"-inch pizza with following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print("- "+topping)
make_pizza(16,'pepper')
make_pizza(12,'mushrooms','extra cheese')

#使用任意数量的关键字实参--需要接受任意数量的实参，而且可能不知道传递给函数的是什么信息
#此时可以将函数编写为可以接受任意数量的键值对--连用两个**决定了任意数量的键值对
def profile(first,last,**user):
    """创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的一切"""
    profile={}
    profile['first_name']=first
    profile['last_name']=last
    for key,value in user.items():
        profile[key]=value
    return profile
user_profile=profile('jenney','einstern',location='princeton',field='physics',love='programe')
print(user_profile)

#将函数存储在模块（独立文件）中：import允许在当前的程序文件中使用模块中的代码

#导入整个模块，模块是扩展名是.py的文件
import pizza  #导入模块
pizza.make_pizza(15,'great pepper')     #调用方式：模块名称.函数名称（)
pizza.make_pizza(32,'red pepper','extra cheese')

#导入特定函数
from pizza import make_pizza    #from 模块名 import 函数名，函数名，函数名   
make_pizza(111,'red')     #调用方式：函数名（）
make_pizza(234,'green')


#使用as给函数指定别名   from 模块名 import 函数名 as 别名
from pizza import make_pizza as mp
make_pizza(456,'ugh')
make_pizza(67,'great','ujg')

#导入模块中所有的函数-- *运算符可以实现,但是尽量不要用，因为函数名称可能重合
from pizza import *
make_pizza(234,'erg')
make_pizza(234,'ujkl')

#格外注意：1.给形参指定默认值以及函数调用中的关键字实参，等号两边不要有空格
#2.PEP8建议代码长度不超过 79字符，如果超过，那么：一个回车加上一个Tab
def function_name(
        parameter_0,parameter_1,
        parameter_2,parameter_3):
    function body...
#3.所有的import语句都应该放在开头，除非，文件开头用了注释

测试区：代码区的实现

hello
hello,Jenney!
I have a hamster. name is honey.
I have a dog. name is dyiny.
I have a cat. name is dyu.
I have a dog. name is jen.
I have a cat. name is colin.
Tian Yan
Juli   Jeneny
{'first': 'jenni', 'last': 'honey'}
tell me your name: 
(enter 'q' at any time to quit)
First name:q
hello,Jenney!!
hello,Diana!!
hello,Colin!!
Printing models:cat
Printing models:dog
Printing models:robot
the following models have been printed: 
cat
dog
robot
making a pizza with following toppings
- peper
making a pizza with following toppings
- mushroom
- green peeper
Making a 16-inch pizza with following toppings:
- pepper
Making a 12-inch pizza with following toppings:
- mushrooms
- extra cheese
{'first_name': 'jenney', 'last_name': 'einstern', 'location': 'princeton', 'field': 'physics', 'love': 'programe'}
Making a15-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- great pepper
Making a32-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- red pepper
- extra cheese
Making a111-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- red
Making a234-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- green
Making a456-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- ugh
Making a67-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- great
- ujg
Making a234-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- erg
Making a234-inch pizza with the following toppings:
- ujkl

导入的模块–注意要和需求文件放在同一个目录中

def make_pizza(size,*toppings):
    """概述所要制作的披萨"""
    print("Making a"+str(size)+
          "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print("- "+topping)