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# Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application

When you finish this, you will have finished the last programming assignment of Week 4, and also the last programming assignment of this course!

You will use use the functions you’d implemented in the previous assignment to build a deep network, and apply it to cat vs non-cat classification. Hopefully, you will see an improvement in accuracy relative to your previous logistic regression implementation.

After this assignment you will be able to:
- Build and apply a deep neural network to supervised learning.

Let’s get started!

Let’s first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.
- numpy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.
- matplotlib is a library to plot graphs in Python.
- h5py is a common package to interact with a dataset that is stored on an H5 file.
- PIL and scipy are used here to test your model with your own picture at the end.
- dnn_app_utils provides the functions implemented in the “Building your Deep Neural Network: Step by Step” assignment to this notebook.
- np.random.seed(1) is used to keep all the random function calls consistent. It will help us grade your work.

import time
import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy
from PIL import Image
from scipy import ndimage
from dnn_app_utils_v3 import *

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

np.random.seed(1)

## 2 - Dataset

You will use the same “Cat vs non-Cat” dataset as in “Logistic Regression as a Neural Network” (Assignment 2). The model you had built had 70% test accuracy on classifying cats vs non-cats images. Hopefully, your new model will perform a better!

Problem Statement: You are given a dataset (“data.h5”) containing:
- a training set of m_train images labelled as cat (1) or non-cat (0)
- a test set of m_test images labelled as cat and non-cat
- each image is of shape (num_px, num_px, 3) where 3 is for the 3 channels (RGB).

Let’s get more familiar with the dataset. Load the data by running the cell below.

train_x_orig, train_y, test_x_orig, test_y, classes = load_data()
The following code will show you an image in the dataset. Feel free to change the index and re-run the cell multiple times to see other images. 
# Example of a picture
index = 10
plt.imshow(train_x_orig[index])
print ("y = " + str(train_y[0,index]) + ". It's a " + classes[train_y[0,index]].decode("utf-8") +  " picture.")
# Explore your dataset
m_train = train_x_orig.shape[0]
num_px = train_x_orig.shape[1]
m_test = test_x_orig.shape[0]

print ("Number of training examples: " + str(m_train))
print ("Number of testing examples: " + str(m_test))
print ("Each image is of size: (" + str(num_px) + ", " + str(num_px) + ", 3)")
print ("train_x_orig shape: " + str(train_x_orig.shape))
print ("train_y shape: " + str(train_y.shape))
print ("test_x_orig shape: " + str(test_x_orig.shape))
print ("test_y shape: " + str(test_y.shape))

As usual, you reshape and standardize the images before feeding them to the network. The code is given in the cell below.

Figure 1: Image to vector conversion.

# Reshape the training and test examples
train_x_flatten = train_x_orig.reshape(train_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T   # The "-1" makes reshape flatten the remaining dimensions
test_x_flatten = test_x_orig.reshape(test_x_orig.shape[0], -1).T

# Standardize data to have feature values between 0 and 1.
train_x = train_x_flatten/255.
test_x = test_x_flatten/255.

print ("train_x's shape: " + str(train_x.shape))
print ("test_x's shape: " + str(test_x.shape))


$12,288$$12,288$ equals $64×64×3$$64 \times 64 \times 3$ which is the size of one reshaped image vector.

## 3 - Architecture of your model

Now that you are familiar with the dataset, it is time to build a deep neural network to distinguish cat images from non-cat images.

You will build two different models:
- A 2-layer neural network
- An L-layer deep neural network

You will then compare the performance of these models, and also try out different values for $L$$L$.

Let’s look at the two architectures.

### 3.1 - 2-layer neural network

Figure 2: 2-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: INPUT -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID -> OUTPUT.

Detailed Architecture of figure 2:
- The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size $\left(12288,1\right)$$(12288,1)$.
- The corresponding vector: $\left[{x}_{0},{x}_{1},...,{x}_{12287}{\right]}^{T}$$[x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T$ is then multiplied by the weight matrix ${W}^{\left[1\right]}$$W^{[1]}$ of size $\left({n}^{\left[1\right]},12288\right)$$(n^{[1]}, 12288)$.
- You then add a bias term and take its relu to get the following vector: $\left[{a}_{0}^{\left[1\right]},{a}_{1}^{\left[1\right]},...,{a}_{{n}^{\left[1\right]}-1}^{\left[1\right]}{\right]}^{T}$$[a_0^{[1]}, a_1^{[1]},..., a_{n^{[1]}-1}^{[1]}]^T$.
- You then repeat the same process.
- You multiply the resulting vector by ${W}^{\left[2\right]}$$W^{[2]}$ and add your intercept (bias).
- Finally, you take the sigmoid of the result. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.

### 3.2 - L-layer deep neural network

It is hard to represent an L-layer deep neural network with the above representation. However, here is a simplified network representation:

Figure 3: L-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: [LINEAR -> RELU] $×$$\times$ (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID

Detailed Architecture of figure 3:
- The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size (12288,1).
- The corresponding vector: $\left[{x}_{0},{x}_{1},...,{x}_{12287}{\right]}^{T}$$[x_0,x_1,...,x_{12287}]^T$ is then multiplied by the weight matrix ${W}^{\left[1\right]}$$W^{[1]}$ and then you add the intercept ${b}^{\left[1\right]}$$b^{[1]}$. The result is called the linear unit.
- Next, you take the relu of the linear unit. This process could be repeated several times for each $\left({W}^{\left[l\right]},{b}^{\left[l\right]}\right)$$(W^{[l]}, b^{[l]})$ depending on the model architecture.
- Finally, you take the sigmoid of the final linear unit. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.

### 3.3 - General methodology

As usual you will follow the Deep Learning methodology to build the model:
1. Initialize parameters / Define hyperparameters
2. Loop for num_iterations:
a. Forward propagation
b. Compute cost function
c. Backward propagation
d. Update parameters (using parameters, and grads from backprop)
4. Use trained parameters to predict labels

Let’s now implement those two models!

## 4 - Two-layer neural network

Question: Use the helper functions you have implemented in the previous assignment to build a 2-layer neural network with the following structure: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
...
return parameters
def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
...
return A, cache
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
...
return cost
def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
...
return dA_prev, dW, db
...
return parameters
### CONSTANTS DEFINING THE MODEL ####
n_x = 12288     # num_px * num_px * 3
n_h = 7
n_y = 1
layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y)
# GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_model

def two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):
"""
Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID.

Arguments:
X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y)
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations

Returns:
parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2
"""

np.random.seed(1)
costs = []                              # to keep track of the cost
m = X.shape[1]                           # number of examples
(n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims

# Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you'd previously implemented
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x , n_h , n_y)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters.
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]

for i in range(0, num_iterations):

# Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: "X, W1, b1, W2, b2". Output: "A1, cache1, A2, cache2".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X , W1 , b1 , activation = "relu")
A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1 , W2 , b2 , activation = "sigmoid")
### END CODE HERE ###

# Compute cost
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(A2 , Y)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Initializing backward propagation
dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))

# Backward propagation. Inputs: "dA2, cache2, cache1". Outputs: "dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2 , cache2 , activation = "sigmoid")
dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1 , cache1 , activation = "relu")
### END CODE HERE ###

# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters , grads , learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]

# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, np.squeeze(cost)))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)

# plot the cost

plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()

return parameters

Run the cell below to train your parameters. See if your model runs. The cost should be decreasing. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the “Cost after iteration 0” matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (⬛) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.

parameters = two_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims = (n_x, n_h, n_y), num_iterations = 2500, print_cost=True)

Good thing you built a vectorized implementation! Otherwise it might have taken 10 times longer to train this.

Now, you can use the trained parameters to classify images from the dataset. To see your predictions on the training and test sets, run the cell below.

predictions_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)

Expected Output:

 **Accuracy** 1
predictions_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)

Expected Output:

 **Accuracy** 0.72

Note: You may notice that running the model on fewer iterations (say 1500) gives better accuracy on the test set. This is called “early stopping” and we will talk about it in the next course. Early stopping is a way to prevent overfitting.

Congratulations! It seems that your 2-layer neural network has better performance (72%) than the logistic regression implementation (70%, assignment week 2). Let’s see if you can do even better with an $L$$L$-layer model.

## 5 - L-layer Neural Network

Question: Use the helper functions you have implemented previously to build an $L$$L$-layer neural network with the following structure: [LINEAR -> RELU]$×$$\times$(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:

def initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims):
...
return parameters
def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
...
return AL, caches
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
...
return cost
def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
...
...
return parameters
### CONSTANTS ###
layers_dims = [12288, 20, 7, 5, 1] #  4-layer model
# GRADED FUNCTION: L_layer_model

def L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009
"""
Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID.

Arguments:
X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1).
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 steps

Returns:
parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
"""

np.random.seed(1)
costs = []                         # keep track of cost

# Parameters initialization. (≈ 1 line of code)
### START CODE HERE ###
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims)
### END CODE HERE ###

for i in range(0, num_iterations):

# Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X , parameters)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Compute cost.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(AL , Y)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Backward propagation.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
grads = L_model_backward(AL , Y , caches)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters , grads , learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###

# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)

# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()

return parameters

You will now train the model as a 4-layer neural network.

Run the cell below to train your model. The cost should decrease on every iteration. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the “Cost after iteration 0” matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (⬛) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.

parameters = L_layer_model(train_x, train_y, layers_dims, num_iterations = 2500, print_cost = True)

Expected Output:

 **Cost after iteration 0** 0.771749 **Cost after iteration 100** 0.672053 **…** … **Cost after iteration 2400** 0.092878
pred_train = predict(train_x, train_y, parameters)
 **Train Accuracy** 0.985646
pred_test = predict(test_x, test_y, parameters)

Expected Output:

 **Test Accuracy** 0.8

Congrats! It seems that your 4-layer neural network has better performance (80%) than your 2-layer neural network (72%) on the same test set.

This is good performance for this task. Nice job!

Though in the next course on “Improving deep neural networks” you will learn how to obtain even higher accuracy by systematically searching for better hyperparameters (learning_rate, layers_dims, num_iterations, and others you’ll also learn in the next course).

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