文章目录
AsyncTask
原理：内部是Handler和两个线程池实现的，Handler用于将线程切换到主线程，两个线程池一个用于任务的排队，一个用于执行任务，当AsyncTask执行execute方法时会封装出一个FutureTask对象，将这个对象加入队列中，如果此时没有正在执行的任务，就执行它，执行完成之后继续执行队列中下一个任务，执行完成通过Handler将事件发送到主线程。AsyncTask必须在主线程初始化，因为内部的Handler是一个静态对象，在AsyncTask类加载的时候他就已经被初始化了。在Android3.0开始，execute方法串行执行任务的，一个一个来，3.0之前是并行执行的。如果要在3.0上执行并行任务，可以调用executeOnExecutor方法
HandlerThread
原理：继承自Thread，start开启线程后，会在其run方法中会通过Looper创建消息队列并开启消息循环，这个消息队列运行在子线程中，所以可以将HandlerThread中的Looper实例传递给一个Handler，从而保证这个Handler的handleMessage方法运行在子线程中，Android中使用HandlerThread的一个场景就是IntentService
在不需要HandlerThread时，可以通过它的quit或者quitSafely方法来终止线程的执行。
实现是：在run方法中通过 Looper.prepare()来创建消息队列，并通过Looper.loop()来开启消息循环
@Override
public void run() {
mTid = Process.myTid();
Looper.prepare();
synchronized (this) {
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
notifyAll();
}
Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority);
onLooperPrepared();
Looper.loop();
mTid = -1;
}
优缺点
-
HandlerThread优点是异步不会堵塞，减少对性能的消耗。
-
HandlerThread缺点是不能同时继续进行多任务处理，要等待进行处理，处理效率较低。
-
HandlerThread与线程池不同，HandlerThread是一个串队列，背后只有一个线程。
public class HandlerThread extends Thread {
int mPriority;
int mTid = -1;
Looper mLooper;
private @Nullable Handler mHandler;
public HandlerThread(String name) {
super(name);
mPriority = Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_DEFAULT;
}
/**
* Constructs a HandlerThread.
* @param name
* @param priority The priority to run the thread at. The value supplied must be from
* {@link android.os.Process} and not from java.lang.Thread.
*/
public HandlerThread(String name, int priority) {
super(name);
mPriority = priority;
}
/**
* Call back method that can be explicitly overridden if needed to execute some
* setup before Looper loops.
*/
protected void onLooperPrepared() {
}
@Override
public void run() {
mTid = Process.myTid();
Looper.prepare();
synchronized (this) {
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
notifyAll();
}
Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority);
onLooperPrepared();
Looper.loop();
mTid = -1;
}
/**
* This method returns the Looper associated with this thread. If this thread not been started
* or for any reason isAlive() returns false, this method will return null. If this thread
* has been started, this method will block until the looper has been initialized.
* @return The looper.
*/
public Looper getLooper() {
if (!isAlive()) {
return null;
}
boolean wasInterrupted = false;
// If the thread has been started, wait until the looper has been created.
synchronized (this) {
while (isAlive() && mLooper == null) {
try {
wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
wasInterrupted = true;
}
}
}
/*
* We may need to restore the thread's interrupted flag, because it may
* have been cleared above since we eat InterruptedExceptions
*/
if (wasInterrupted) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
return mLooper;
}
/**
* @return a shared {@link Handler} associated with this thread
* @hide
*/
@NonNull
public Handler getThreadHandler() {
if (mHandler == null) {
mHandler = new Handler(getLooper());
}
return mHandler;
}
/**
* Quits the handler thread's looper.
* <p>
* Causes the handler thread's looper to terminate without processing any
* more messages in the message queue.
* </p><p>
* Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
* For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
* </p><p class="note">
* Using this method may be unsafe because some messages may not be delivered
* before the looper terminates. Consider using {@link #quitSafely} instead to ensure
* that all pending work is completed in an orderly manner.
* </p>
*
* @return True if the looper looper has been asked to quit or false if the
* thread had not yet started running.
*
* @see #quitSafely
*/
public boolean quit() {
Looper looper = getLooper();
if (looper != null) {
looper.quit();
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Quits the handler thread's looper safely.
* <p>
* Causes the handler thread's looper to terminate as soon as all remaining messages
* in the message queue that are already due to be delivered have been handled.
* Pending delayed messages with due times in the future will not be delivered.
* </p><p>
* Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
* For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
* </p><p>
* If the thread has not been started or has finished (that is if
* {@link #getLooper} returns null), then false is returned.
* Otherwise the looper is asked to quit and true is returned.
* </p>
*
* @return True if the looper looper has been asked to quit or false if the
* thread had not yet started running.
*/
public boolean quitSafely() {
Looper looper = getLooper();
if (looper != null) {
looper.quitSafely();
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Returns the identifier of this thread. See Process.myTid().
*/
public int getThreadId() {
return mTid;
}
}
HandlerThread 与普通Thread的区别
普通的Thread 主要用于在run方法中执行一个耗时任务；而HandlerThread在内部创建了消息队列，外界需求通过Handler的消息方式来通知HandlerThread执行一个具体的任务。
HandlerThread 与Handler的区别
1.线程管理
- HandlerThread 是一个带有消息循环的线程，负表创建和管理一个线程。
- Handler 是一个工具类，用于发送和处理消息，本身不创建线程。
2.消息循环
- HandlerThread 内部包含一个 Looper，用于处理消息循环。
- Handler 必须与一个 Looper 关联，通常是主线程的 Looper ，也可以是其他线程的 Looper 。
3.使用场景
- HandlerThread 适用于需要在后台线程中处理消息和任务的场景。
- Handler 适用于需要在主线程或其他线程中处理消息和任务，或实现线程间通信的场景。
4.生命周期
- HandlerThread 的生命周期与其所在的线程绑定，线程启动后会持续运行直到调用 quit()或 quitsafely()方法停止消息循环。
- Handler 的生命周期与其关联的 Looper 绑定，通常是主线程的 Looper或其他线程的 Looper。
总结来说， HandlerThread 用于创建和管理带有消息循环的后台线程，而Handler 用于发送和处理消息，通常与主线程或其他线程的 Looper 结合使用。根据具体需求选择合适的工具，可以有效地提高应用的性能和响应性。
IntentService
原理：继承自Service，是个抽象类，它的内部封装了HandlerThread和Handler，可以执行耗时任务，同时因为它是一个服务，优先级比普通线程高很多，所以更适合执行一些高优先级的后台任务，HandlerThread底层通过Looper消息队列实现的，所以它是顺序的执行每一个任务。可以通过Intent的方式开启IntentService，IntentService通过handler将每一个intent加入HandlerThread子线程中的消息队列，通过looper按顺序一个个的取出并执行，执行完成后自动结束自己，不需要开发者手动关闭
任务执行顺序
由于每执行一个后台任务就必须启动一次IntentService,而其内部是通过消息的方式 向HandlerThread请求执任务的，Handler中的Looper是顺序处理消息的，意味着IntentService也是顺序执行后台任务的。
在实现上，IntentService封装了HandlerThread和Handler。当IntentService被第一次启动时，它的onCreate()方法会被调用，onCreat()方法会创建一个HandlerThread，然后使用它的Looper来构造一个Handler对象mServiceHandler，这样通过mServiceHandler发送的消息最终都会在HandlerThread中执行。
@Override
public void onCreate() {
// TODO: It would be nice to have an option to hold a partial wakelock
// during processing, and to have a static startService(Context, Intent)
// method that would launch the service & hand off a wakelock.
super.onCreate();
HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("IntentService[" + mName + "]");
thread.start();
mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
}
@Override
public void onStart(@Nullable Intent intent, int startId) {
Message msg = mServiceHandler.obtainMessage();
msg.arg1 = startId;
msg.obj = intent;
mServiceHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
/**
* You should not override this method for your IntentService. Instead,
* override {@link #onHandleIntent}, which the system calls when the IntentService
* receives a start request.
* @see android.app.Service#onStartCommand
*/
@Override
public int onStartCommand(@Nullable Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
onStart(intent, startId);
return mRedelivery ? START_REDELIVER_INTENT : START_NOT_STICKY;
}
在onStart 方法中，IntentService 通过mServiceHandler发送消息的，这个消息会在HandlerThread中被处理。mServiceHandler收到消息后，会将Intent对象传递给onHandleIntent方法处理。
Intent对象的内容和外界的startService(intent)中的intent内容是完全一致的。
@Deprecated
public abstract class IntentService extends Service {
private volatile Looper mServiceLooper;
@UnsupportedAppUsage
private volatile ServiceHandler mServiceHandler;
private String mName;
private boolean mRedelivery;
private final class ServiceHandler extends Handler {
public ServiceHandler(Looper looper) {
super(looper);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
onHandleIntent((Intent)msg.obj);
stopSelf(msg.arg1);
}
}
/**
* Creates an IntentService. Invoked by your subclass's constructor.
*
* @param name Used to name the worker thread, important only for debugging.
*/
public IntentService(String name) {
super();
mName = name;
}
/**
* Sets intent redelivery preferences. Usually called from the constructor
* with your preferred semantics.
*
* <p>If enabled is true,
* {@link #onStartCommand(Intent, int, int)} will return
* {@link Service#START_REDELIVER_INTENT}, so if this process dies before
* {@link #onHandleIntent(Intent)} returns, the process will be restarted
* and the intent redelivered. If multiple Intents have been sent, only
* the most recent one is guaranteed to be redelivered.
*
* <p>If enabled is false (the default),
* {@link #onStartCommand(Intent, int, int)} will return
* {@link Service#START_NOT_STICKY}, and if the process dies, the Intent
* dies along with it.
*/
public void setIntentRedelivery(boolean enabled) {
mRedelivery = enabled;
}
@Override
public void onCreate() {
// TODO: It would be nice to have an option to hold a partial wakelock
// during processing, and to have a static startService(Context, Intent)
// method that would launch the service & hand off a wakelock.
super.onCreate();
HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("IntentService[" + mName + "]");
thread.start();
mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
}
@Override
public void onStart(@Nullable Intent intent, int startId) {
Message msg = mServiceHandler.obtainMessage();
msg.arg1 = startId;
msg.obj = intent;
mServiceHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
/**
* You should not override this method for your IntentService. Instead,
* override {@link #onHandleIntent}, which the system calls when the IntentService
* receives a start request.
* @see android.app.Service#onStartCommand
*/
@Override
public int onStartCommand(@Nullable Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
onStart(intent, startId);
return mRedelivery ? START_REDELIVER_INTENT : START_NOT_STICKY;
}
@Override
public void onDestroy() {
mServiceLooper.quit();
}
/**
* Unless you provide binding for your service, you don't need to implement this
* method, because the default implementation returns null.
* @see android.app.Service#onBind
*/
@Override
@Nullable
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return null;
}
/**
* This method is invoked on the worker thread with a request to process.
* Only one Intent is processed at a time, but the processing happens on a
* worker thread that runs independently from other application logic.
* So, if this code takes a long time, it will hold up other requests to
* the same IntentService, but it will not hold up anything else.
* When all requests have been handled, the IntentService stops itself,
* so you should not call {@link #stopSelf}.
*
* @param intent The value passed to {@link
* android.content.Context#startService(Intent)}.
* This may be null if the service is being restarted after
* its process has gone away; see
* {@link android.app.Service#onStartCommand}
* for details.
*/
@WorkerThread
protected abstract void onHandleIntent(@Nullable Intent intent);
}
为什么在mServiceHandler的handleMessage()回调方法中执行完onHandlerIntent()方法后要使用带参数的stopSelf()方法？
- 因为stopSel()方法会立即停止服务，而stopSelf（int startId）会等待所有的消息都处理完毕后才终止服务，一般来说，stopSelf(int startId)在尝试停止服务之前会判断最近启动服务的次数是否和startId相等，如果相等就立刻停止服务，不相等则不停止服务。这个策略可以从AMS的stopServiceToken的方法实现中找到依据。
线程状态
- 新建状态(New)：新创建了一个线程对象。
- 就绪状态(Runnable)：线程对象创建后，其他线程调用了该对象的start()方法。该状态的线程位于可运行线程池中，变得可运行，等待获取CPU的使用权。
- 运行状态(Running)：就绪状态的线程获取了CPU，执行run()方法。
- 阻塞状态(Blocked)：阻塞状态是线程因为某种原因放弃CPU使用权，暂时停止运行。直到线程进入就绪状态，才有机会转到运行状态。阻塞的情况分三种：
①等待阻塞：运行的线程执行wait()方法，JVM会把该线程放入等待池中。
②同步阻塞：运行的线程在获取对象的同步锁时，若该同步锁被别的线程占用，则JVM会把该线程放入锁池中。
③其他阻塞：运行的线程执行sleep()或join()方法，或者发出了I/O请求时，JVM会把该线程置为阻塞状态。当sleep()状态超时、join()等待线程终止或者超时、或者I/O处理完毕时，线程重新转入就绪状态。
Android中的进程与线程
Android 进程间数据共享
线程池的创建方式
如何让线程停止，有何区别
Android 之 Handler
HandlerThread 和 Handler 区别
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