创建型模式之工厂模式

  工厂模式是一种常见的设计模式，通过定义一个创建对象的接口，让子类决定将哪个工厂类实例化。

未经优化的代码案例

  例子用发放奖品为例，有三种不同的奖品，当不同类型的发放请求进入时会根据参数进行发放。

/**
 * 模拟发奖服务
 */
public class PrizeController {

    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PrizeController.class);

    public AwardRes awardToUser(AwardReq req) {
        String reqJson = JSON.toJSONString(req);
        AwardRes awardRes = null;
        try {
            logger.info("奖品发放开始{}。req:{}", req.getuId(), reqJson);
            // 按照不同类型方法商品[1优惠券、2实物商品、3第三方兑换卡(爱奇艺)]
            if (req.getAwardType() == 1) {
                CouponService couponService = new CouponService();
                CouponResult couponResult = couponService.sendCoupon(req.getuId(), req.getAwardNumber(), req.getBizId());
                if ("0000".equals(couponResult.getCode())) {
                    awardRes = new AwardRes("0000", "发放成功");
                } else {
                    awardRes = new AwardRes("0001", couponResult.getInfo());
                }
            } else if (req.getAwardType() == 2) {
                GoodsService goodsService = new GoodsService();
                DeliverReq deliverReq = new DeliverReq();
                deliverReq.setUserName(queryUserName(req.getuId()));
                deliverReq.setUserPhone(queryUserPhoneNumber(req.getuId()));
                deliverReq.setSku(req.getAwardNumber());
                deliverReq.setOrderId(req.getBizId());
                deliverReq.setConsigneeUserName(req.getExtMap().get("consigneeUserName"));
                deliverReq.setConsigneeUserPhone(req.getExtMap().get("consigneeUserPhone"));
                deliverReq.setConsigneeUserAddress(req.getExtMap().get("consigneeUserAddress"));
                Boolean isSuccess = goodsService.deliverGoods(deliverReq);
                if (isSuccess) {
                    awardRes = new AwardRes("0000", "发放成功");
                } else {
                    awardRes = new AwardRes("0001", "发放失败");
                }
            } else if (req.getAwardType() == 3) {
                String bindMobileNumber = queryUserPhoneNumber(req.getuId());
                IQiYiCardService iQiYiCardService = new IQiYiCardService();
                iQiYiCardService.grantToken(bindMobileNumber, req.getAwardNumber());
                awardRes = new AwardRes("0000", "发放成功");
            }
            logger.info("奖品发放完成{}。", req.getuId());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("奖品发放失败{}。req:{}", req.getuId(), reqJson, e);
            awardRes = new AwardRes("0001", e.getMessage());
        }

        return awardRes;
    }

    private String queryUserName(String uId) {
        return "花花";
    }

    private String queryUserPhoneNumber(String uId) {
        return "15200101232";
    }

}

 &esmp;很明显，代码里根据不同的参数进行if-else的判断，当面对复杂的业务场景时代码的可读性和维护性都很差。

用工厂模式进行优化

// 定义奖品发放接口
public interface ICommodity {

    void sendCommodity(String uId, String commodityId, String bizId, Map<String, String> extMap) throws Exception;

}

  根据业务需要定义接口实现类：

public class CardCommodityService implements ICommodity {

    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CardCommodityService.class);

    // 模拟注入
    private IQiYiCardService iQiYiCardService = new IQiYiCardService();

    public void sendCommodity(String uId, String commodityId, String bizId, Map<String, String> extMap) throws Exception {
        String mobile = queryUserMobile(uId);
        iQiYiCardService.grantToken(mobile, bizId);
        logger.info("请求参数[爱奇艺兑换卡] => uId：{} commodityId：{} bizId：{} extMap：{}", uId, commodityId, bizId, JSON.toJSON(extMap));
        logger.info("测试结果[爱奇艺兑换卡]：success");
    }

    private String queryUserMobile(String uId) {
        return "15200101232";
    }

}

public class CouponCommodityService implements ICommodity {

    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CouponCommodityService.class);

    private CouponService couponService = new CouponService();

    public void sendCommodity(String uId, String commodityId, String bizId, Map<String, String> extMap) throws Exception {
        CouponResult couponResult = couponService.sendCoupon(uId, commodityId, bizId);
        logger.info("请求参数[优惠券] => uId：{} commodityId：{} bizId：{} extMap：{}", uId, commodityId, bizId, JSON.toJSON(extMap));
        logger.info("测试结果[优惠券]：{}", JSON.toJSON(couponResult));
        if (!"0000".equals(couponResult.getCode())) throw new RuntimeException(couponResult.getInfo());
    }

}

public class GoodsCommodityService implements ICommodity {

    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GoodsCommodityService.class);

    private GoodsService goodsService = new GoodsService();

    public void sendCommodity(String uId, String commodityId, String bizId, Map<String, String> extMap) throws Exception {
        DeliverReq deliverReq = new DeliverReq();
        deliverReq.setUserName(queryUserName(uId));
        deliverReq.setUserPhone(queryUserPhoneNumber(uId));
        deliverReq.setSku(commodityId);
        deliverReq.setOrderId(bizId);
        deliverReq.setConsigneeUserName(extMap.get("consigneeUserName"));
        deliverReq.setConsigneeUserPhone(extMap.get("consigneeUserPhone"));
        deliverReq.setConsigneeUserAddress(extMap.get("consigneeUserAddress"));

        Boolean isSuccess = goodsService.deliverGoods(deliverReq);

        logger.info("请求参数[实物商品] => uId：{} commodityId：{} bizId：{} extMap：{}", uId, commodityId, bizId, JSON.toJSON(extMap));
        logger.info("测试结果[实物商品]：{}", isSuccess);

        if (!isSuccess) throw new RuntimeException("实物商品发放失败");
    }

    private String queryUserName(String uId) {
        return "花花";
    }

    private String queryUserPhoneNumber(String uId) {
        return "15200101232";
    }

}

  定义工厂类，用于创建接口实现对象。

public class StoreFactory {

    /**
     * 奖品类型方式实例化
     * @param commodityType 奖品类型
     * @return              实例化对象
     */
    public ICommodity getCommodityService(Integer commodityType) {
        if (null == commodityType) return null;
        if (1 == commodityType) return new CouponCommodityService();
        if (2 == commodityType) return new GoodsCommodityService();
        if (3 == commodityType) return new CardCommodityService();
        throw new RuntimeException("不存在的奖品服务类型");
    }

    /**
     * 奖品类信息方式实例化
     * @param clazz 奖品类
     * @return      实例化对象
     */
    public ICommodity getCommodityService(Class<? extends ICommodity> clazz) throws IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
        if (null == clazz) return null;
        return clazz.newInstance();
    }

}

&emsp 工厂实现类提供了两种对象创建的方法，第一种通过奖品类型进行区分，直接根据业务需要进行编码，第二种通过类信息进行实例化，根据传入的类型进行创建。

工厂模式的优点

  很明显工厂模式面向接口编程，将创建者与具体的业务逻辑进行解耦，将同类的业务逻辑抽象到接口，由不同的实现类实现不同的具体逻辑（例子中将抽奖抽象出来），满足依赖倒置原则；满足单一职责原则，每个业务类实现一个业务逻辑，业务逻辑之间互不影响，维护成本低；满足开闭原则，当需要添加新一种业务逻辑时只要增加实现类即可。

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参考资料：《重学Java设计模式》