SAME means that the output feature map has the same spatial dimensions as the input feature map. Zero padding is introduced to make the shapes match as needed, equally on every side of the input map.
VALID means no padding.
Padding could be used in convolution and pooling operations.
"VALID" only ever drops the right-most columns (or bottom-most rows).
"SAME" tries to pad evenly left and right, but if the amount of columns to be added is odd, it will add the extra column to the right, as is the case in this example (the same logic applies vertically: there may be an extra row of zeros at the bottom).