python总结（十三）：错误与调试

一、错误处理

1、处理错误：

try:
    print('try...')
    r = 10 / int('2')
    print('result:', r)
except Exception as e:
    print('ValueError:', e)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print('ZeroDivisionError:', e)
else:
"""当没有错误发生时，会自动执行else语句："""
    print('no error!')
finally:
    print('finally...')
print('END')

2、抛出错误：

try:
    10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    raise ValueError('input error!')

3、自定义抛出错误：

# err_raise.py
class FooError(ValueError):
    pass
def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    if n==0:
        raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s)
    return 10 / n
foo('0')

二、程序的调试

1、很low的程序员调试程序用print

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    print('>>> n = %d' % n)
    return 10 / n
def main():
    foo('0')
main()

2.处处print不太好，用断言：断言正确，不会输出任何东西。断言错误，则会抛出异常：

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'
    return 10 / n
def main():
    foo('0')
"""断言错误的输出"""
"""
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/Lenovo/PycharmProjects/matplot_graph/venv/classtext.py", line 7, in <module>
    main()
  File "C:/Users/Lenovo/PycharmProjects/matplot_graph/venv/classtext.py", line 6, in main
    foo('0')
  File "C:/Users/Lenovo/PycharmProjects/matplot_graph/venv/classtext.py", line 3, in foo
    assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'
AssertionError: n is zero!
"""

      程序中如果到处充斥着assert，和print()相比也好不到哪去.启动Python解释器时可以用-O（大写字母）参数来关闭assert。

$ python -O err.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

3、pdb单步调试：

（1）启动：

python -m pdb err.py

（2）输入命令l来查看代码

（3）输入命令n可以单步执行代码

（4）任何时候都可以输入命令p 变量名来查看变量

（5）输入命令q结束调试，退出程序 

  (6) c 继续执行

4.第二种：代码中加

import pdb
pdb.set_trace()

三、单元测试

1.代码

import unittest
from Dict import Dict
class TestDict(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_init(self):
        d = Dict(a=1, b='test')
        """测试的类名"""
        self.assertEqual(d.a, 1)
        self.assertEqual(d.b, 'test')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, dict))
    def test_key(self):
        d = Dict()
        d['key'] = 'value'
        self.assertEqual(d.key, 'value')
    def test_attr(self):
        d = Dict()
        d.key = 'value'
        self.assertTrue('key' in d)
        self.assertEqual(d['key'], 'value')
    def test_keyerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
            value = d['empty']
    def test_attrerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            value = d.empty
    def setUp(self):
        print('setUp...')
    def tearDown(self):
        print('tearDown...')

2、运行测试

python -m unittest mydict_test

当然，参数是可变的：

python -m unittest mydict_test mytest

可以运行无限多个测试类

四、文档测试

1.测试注释中的的代码：

class Dict(dict):
    '''
    Simple dict but also support access as x.y style.

    >>> d1 = Dict()
    >>> d1['x'] = 100
    >>> d1.x
    100
    >>> d1.y = 200
    >>> d1['y']
    200
    >>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3')
    >>> d2.c
    '3'
    >>> d2['empty']
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'empty'
    >>> d2.empty
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty'
    '''
    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super(Dict, self).__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value

if __name__=='__main__':
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

 2.必须在终端执行：

python mydice2.py