SpringBoot重点详解--使用Junit进行单元测试

目录

添加依赖与配置

ApplicationContext测试

Environment测试

MockBean测试

Controller测试

情况一

情况二

方法一

方法二

---

本文将对在Springboot中如何使用Junit进行单元测试进行简单示例和介绍，项目的完整目录层次如下图所示。 

添加依赖与配置

为了保证测试的完整性，本工程POM文件中除引入Junit单元测试依赖外，还额外引入了用来测试JDBC和Controller的JPA和WEB依赖。 

<parent>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>

<version>1.5.6.RELEASE</version>

</parent>

<dependencies>

<!-- 添加MySQL依赖 -->

<dependency>

<groupId>mysql</groupId>

<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!-- 添加JDBC依赖 -->

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>

</dependency>

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!-- 引入单元测试依赖 -->

<dependency>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>

<scope>test</scope>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

同时，在src/main/resources目录下添加核心配置文件application.properties，内容如下。  

#########################################################

### Spring DataSource -- DataSource configuration ###

#########################################################

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/dev1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8

spring.datasource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

spring.datasource.username=root

spring.datasource.password=123456

#########################################################

### Java Persistence Api -- Spring jpa configuration ###

#########################################################

# Specify the DBMS

spring.jpa.database = MYSQL

# Show or not log for each sql query

spring.jpa.show-sql = true

# Hibernate ddl auto (create, create-drop, update)

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto = update

# Naming strategy

#[org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy #org.hibernate.cfg.DefaultNamingStrategy]

spring.jpa.hibernate.naming-strategy = org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy

# stripped before adding them to the entity manager)

spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect = org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect

ApplicationContext测试

在Springboot中使用Junit进行单元测试的方法很简单，只需要在编写的单元测试类上添加两个注解：@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)和@SpringBootTest。 

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class) // 等价于使用 @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)

@SpringBootTest(classes = { MyApplication.class, TestConfig.class })

public class ApplicationContextTest {

@Autowired

private ApplicationContext context;

@Autowired

private UserDao userDao;

@Test

public void testUserDao() {

userDao.addUser(18, "pengjunlee");

}

@Test

public void testConfiguration() {

Runnable bean = context.getBean(Runnable.class);

Assert.assertNotNull(bean);

bean.run();

}

}

UserDao定义如下。  

@Repository

public class UserDao {

@Autowired

private JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

@Transactional

public void addUser(Integer userAge, String userName) {

String sql = "insert into tbl_user (age,name) values ('" + userAge + "','" + userName + "');";

jdbcTemplate.execute(sql);

}

}

TestConfig定义如下。 

/**

* @TestConfiguration注解的配置内的Bean仅在测试时装配

*/

@TestConfiguration

public class TestConfig {

@Bean

public Runnable createRunnable(){

return ()->{

System.out.println("This is a test Runnable bean...");

};

}

}

提示：@SpringBootTest注解的classes可以指定用来加载Spring容器所使用的配置类，@TestConfiguration注解修饰的配置类内的Bean仅在测试的时候才会装配。  

Environment测试

我们可以通过@SpringBootTest注解的properties属性向Environment中设置新的属性，也可以通过使用EnvironmentTestUtils工具类来向ConfigurableEnvironment中添加新的属性。 

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

@SpringBootTest(properties = { "app.token=pengjunlee" })

public class EnvironmentTest {

@Autowired

private Environment env;

@Autowired

private ConfigurableEnvironment cenv;

@Before

public void init() {

EnvironmentTestUtils.addEnvironment(cenv, "app.secret=55a4b77eda");

}

@Test

public void testEnvironment() {

System.out.println(env.getProperty("spring.datasource.url"));

Assert.assertEquals("pengjunlee", env.getProperty("app.token"));

Assert.assertEquals("55a4b77eda", cenv.getProperty("app.secret"));

}

@Test

@Ignore // 忽略测试方法

public void testIgnore() {

System.out.println("你看不见我...");

}

}

扩展：Junit测试用例执行顺序：@BeforeClass ==> @Before ==> @Test ==> @After ==> @AfterClass 。

注意：在使用Junit对Spring容器进行单元测试时，若在src/test/resources 目录下存在核心配置文件，Spring容器将会只加载src/test/resources 目录下的核心配置文件，而不再加载src/main/resources 目录下的核心配置文件。  

MockBean测试

我们可以通过@MockBean注解来对那些未添加实现的接口进行模拟测试，预先设定好调用方法期待的返回值，然后再进行测试。

例如，有如下的IUserService接口，定义了一个getUserAge()方法用来根据用户的ID来查询用户的年龄。 

public interface IUserService {

Integer getUserAge(Long userId);

}

使用@MockBean来对IUserService接口进行模拟测试，测试代码如下。  

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

public class MockBeanTest {

@MockBean

private IUserService userService;

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)

public void testMockBean() {

BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(2L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(18));

BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(0L)).willReturn(Integer.valueOf(0));

BDDMockito.given(userService.getUserAge(null)).willThrow(NullPointerException.class);

Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(18), userService.getUserAge(2L));

Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), userService.getUserAge(0L));

Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), userService.getUserAge(null));

}

}

Controller测试

在Springboot中可以通过TestRestTemplate和MockMvc来对Controller进行测试，有以下两种情况。

情况一

Controller中未装配任何其他Spring容器中的Bean，例如下面这个控制器。 

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/user")

public class UserController01 {

@GetMapping("/home")

public String homeUser(@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {

if (null == userName || userName.trim() == "") {

return "you are nobody...";

}

return "This is " + userName + "'s home...";

}

}

此时无需启动Spring容器，可直接使用MockMvc来对Controller进行模拟测试，测试代码如下。  

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

@WebMvcTest(controllers = { UserController01.class })

public class ControllerTest01 {

@Autowired

private MockMvc mvc;

@Test

public void testAddUser() throws Exception {

mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/home").param("name", ""))

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("you are nobody..."));

mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/home").param("name", "pengjunlee"))

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("This is pengjunlee's home..."));

}

}

情况二

Controller中需装配其他Spring容器中的Bean，例如下面这个控制器。 

@RestController

@RequestMapping("/user")

public class UserController02 {

@Autowired

private UserDao userDao;

@GetMapping("/add")

public String addUser(@RequestParam(name = "age", required = false, defaultValue = "0") Integer userAge,

@RequestParam(name = "name", required = true) String userName) {

if (userAge <= 0 || null == userName || userName.trim() == "") {

return "0";

}

userDao.addUser(userAge, userName);

return "1";

}

}

此时除了要启动Spring容器，还需要启动内嵌的WEB环境，有以下两种方法。

方法一

利用TestRestTemplate进行测试。 

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)

public class ControllerTest02 {

@Autowired

private TestRestTemplate template;

@Test

public void testAddUser() {

String result1 = template.getForObject("/user/add?name=pengjunlee", String.class);

Assert.assertEquals("0", result1);

String result2 = template.getForObject("/user/add?age=20&name=Tracy", String.class);

Assert.assertEquals("1", result2);

}

}

方法二

利用MockMvc进行测试。 

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)

@AutoConfigureMockMvc

public class ControllerTest03 {

@Autowired

private MockMvc mvc;

@Test

public void testAddUser() throws Exception {

mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/add").param("name", ""))

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("0"));

mvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/add").param("age", "22").param("name", "pengjunlee"))

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())

.andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("1"));

}

}

本文项目源码已上传至CSDN，资源地址：https://download.csdn.net/download/pengjunlee/10394302  

原文地址：https://blog.csdn.net/pengjunlee/article/details/80206615

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/jpfss/p/10950500.html