linux file and directory

1 how to close your computer?
  step 1:sync
  step 2:shutdown -h
  step 3:reboot
  step 4:halt(=showdown -h now +power off)
2 attribute of file
  10 bits
  1:type of file
  2~4:user
  5~7:group
  8~10:others
3 chage group
  eg:chagrp [group name][file name]
4 add a user's group
  eg:groupadd
5 change user
  chown[-R] counter file name/group name file name
     where -R means all subfiles of current file
6 change authority of user's reading,writing and executing
  eg:chmod[-R] xyz(means figure) file name
     where the meaning of -R is as same as chown's
  eg:chown u=rwx,og=rx test/test2
  when add/minus some authorities,you can see that
  eg:chown a-x test/test2
     where u for user,o for others, g for group,a for all
7 umask value
  eg:umask xxx
     if you want to estabish a document,xxx's maximum is 777,
     else common file 666
8 change special attribute of file
  eg:chattr [+-=][ASaci][file or document name]
9 list special attributes of a file/document
  eg:Isattr [-aR][file/document]
10 how to search a file
  eg:which test
     where test is a file
  eg:whereis [-bmsu][file name]
  eg:locate
     if your system has not this command, you can download
     packet   mlocate by using command "yum install -y mlocate"
  eg:find [path][para]

11 linux file types
  eg: - for regular file
      d for directory
      l for link
      b for block
      c for seris device
      s for socket
12 how to estabish hard links or symbolic links
  eg:ln[-s][source file][dst file]