在实际的业务中我们会遇见生产者产生的消息,不立即消费,而是延时一段时间在消费。RabbitMQ
本身没有直接支持延迟队列功能,但是我们可以根据其特性Per-Queue Message TTL
和 Dead Letter Exchanges
实现延时队列。也可以通过改特性设置消息的优先级。
1.Per-Queue Message TTL
RabbitMQ
可以针对消息和队列设置TTL
(过期时间)。队列中的消息过期时间(Time To Live
, TTL
)有两种方法可以设置。
第一种方法是通过队列属性设置,队列中所有消息都有相同的过期时间。
第二种方法是对消息进行单独设置,每条消息
TTL
可以不同。如果上述两种方法同时使用,则消息的过期时间以两者之间TTL
较小的那个数值为准。消息在队列的生存时间一旦超过设置的TTL
值,就成为dead message
,消费者将无法再收到该消息。
2.Dead Letter Exchanges
当消息在一个队列中变成死信后,它能被重新publish
到另一个Exchange
。消息变成Dead Letter
一向有以下几种情况:
- 消息被拒绝(
basic.reject or basic.nack
)并且requeue=false
- 消息TTL过期
- 队列达到最大长度
实际上就是设置某个队列的属性,当这个队列中有Dead Letter
时,RabbitMQ
就会自动的将这个消息重新发布到设置的Exchange
中去,进而被路由到另一个队列,publish
可以监听这个队列中消息做相应的处理,这个特性可以弥补RabbitMQ 3.0.0
以前支持的immediate
参数中的向publish
确认的功能。
一、在队列上设置TTL
1.建立delay.exchange
这里Internal设置为NO,否则将无法接受dead letter,YES表示这个exchange不可以被client用来推送消息,仅用来进行exchange和exchange之间的绑定。
2.建立延时队列(delay queue)
如上配置延时
5min
队列(x-message-ttl=300000
)
x-max-length
:最大积压的消息个数,可以根据自己的实际情况设置,超过限制消息不会丢失,会立即转向delay.exchange
进行投递
x-dead-letter-exchange
:设置为刚刚配置好的delay.exchange
,消息过期后会通过delay.exchange
进行投递
这里不需要配置”dead letter routing key
“否则会覆盖掉消息发送时携带的routingkey
,导致后面无法路由为刚才配置的delay.exchange
3.配置延时路由规则
需要延时的消息到exchange
后先路由到指定的延时队列
1)创建
delaysync.exchange
通过Routing key
将消息路由到延时队列2)配置
delay.exchange
将消息投递到正常的消费队列
配置完成。
下面使用代码测试一下:
生产者:
package cn.slimsmart.study.rabbitmq.delayqueue.queue;
import java.io.IOException;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class Producer {
private static String queue_name = "test.queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("10.1.199.169");
factory.setUsername("admin");
factory.setPassword("123456");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明队列
channel.queueDeclare(queue_name, true, false, false, null);
String message = "hello world!" + System.currentTimeMillis();
channel.basicPublish("delaysync.exchange", "deal.message", null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("sent message: " + message + ",date:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
// 关闭频道和连接
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
消费者:
package cn.slimsmart.study.rabbitmq.delayqueue.queue;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
public class Consumer {
private static String queue_name = "test.queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("10.1.199.169");
factory.setUsername("admin");
factory.setPassword("123456");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
// 声明队列
channel.queueDeclare(queue_name, true, false, false, null);
QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
// 指定消费队列
channel.basicConsume(queue_name, true, consumer);
while (true) {
// nextDelivery是一个阻塞方法(内部实现其实是阻塞队列的take方法)
QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
String message = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("received message:" + message + ",date:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
}
二、在消息上设置TTL
实现代码:
生产者:
package cn.slimsmart.study.rabbitmq.delayqueue.message;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.rabbitmq.client.AMQP;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
public class Producer {
private static String queue_name = "message_ttl_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("10.1.199.169");
factory.setUsername("admin");
factory.setPassword("123456");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
HashMap<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<String, Object>();
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", "amq.direct");
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "message_ttl_routingKey");
channel.queueDeclare("delay_queue", true, false, false, arguments);
// 声明队列
channel.queueDeclare(queue_name, true, false, false, null);
// 绑定路由
channel.queueBind(queue_name, "amq.direct", "message_ttl_routingKey");
String message = "hello world!" + System.currentTimeMillis();
// 设置延时属性
AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder builder = new AMQP.BasicProperties.Builder();
// 持久性 non-persistent (1) or persistent (2)
AMQP.BasicProperties properties = builder.expiration("300000").deliveryMode(2).build();
// routingKey =delay_queue 进行转发
channel.basicPublish("", "delay_queue", properties, message.getBytes());
System.out.println("sent message: " + message + ",date:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
// 关闭频道和连接
channel.close();
connection.close();
}
}
消费者:
package cn.slimsmart.study.rabbitmq.delayqueue.message;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.QueueingConsumer;
public class Consumer {
private static String queue_name = "message_ttl_queue";
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("10.1.199.169");
factory.setUsername("admin");
factory.setPassword("123456");
Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
HashMap<String, Object> arguments = new HashMap<String, Object>();
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", "amq.direct");
arguments.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "message_ttl_routingKey");
channel.queueDeclare("delay_queue", true, false, false, arguments);
// 声明队列
channel.queueDeclare(queue_name, true, false, false, null);
// 绑定路由
channel.queueBind(queue_name, "amq.direct", "message_ttl_routingKey");
QueueingConsumer consumer = new QueueingConsumer(channel);
// 指定消费队列
channel.basicConsume(queue_name, true, consumer);
while (true) {
// nextDelivery是一个阻塞方法(内部实现其实是阻塞队列的take方法)
QueueingConsumer.Delivery delivery = consumer.nextDelivery();
String message = new String(delivery.getBody());
System.out.println("received message:" + message + ",date:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
}