什么时候需要创建线程池呢？简单的说，如果一个应用需要频繁的创建和销毁线程，而任务执行的时间又非常短，这样线程创建和销毁的带来的开销就不容忽视，这时也是线程池该出场的机会了。如果线程创建和销毁时间相比任务执行时间可以忽略不计，则没有必要使用线程池了。
下面是Linux系统下用C语言创建的一个线程池。线程池会维护一个任务链表(每个CThread_worker结构就是一个任务)。
下面是Linux系统下用C语言创建的一个线程池。线程池会维护一个任务链表(每个CThread_worker结构就是一个任务)。
pool_init()函数预先创建好 max_thread_num 个线程，每个线程执thread_routine ()函数。该函数中
while (pool->cur_queue_size == 0)
{
pthread_cond_wait (&(pool->queue_ready),&(pool->queue_lock));
}
pool_add_worker() 函数向线程池的任务链表中加入一个任务，加入后通过调用pthread_cond_signal (&(pool->queue_ready))唤醒一个出于阻塞状态的线程(如果有的话)。
pool_destroy () 函数用于销毁线程池，线程池任务链表中的任务不会再被执行，但是正在运行的线程会一直把任务运行完后再退出。
下面是完整代码：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <assert.h>
/*
*线程池里所有运行和等待的任务都是一个CThread_worker
*由于所有任务都在链表里，所以是一个链表结构
*/
typedef struct worker
{
/*回调函数，任务运行时会调用此函数，注意也可声明成其它形式*/
void *(*process) (void *arg);
void *arg;/*回调函数的参数*/
struct worker *next;
} CThread_worker;
/*线程池结构*/
typedef struct
{
pthread_mutex_t queue_lock;
pthread_cond_t queue_ready;
/*链表结构，线程池中所有等待任务*/
CThread_worker *queue_head;
/*是否销毁线程池*/
int shutdown;
pthread_t *threadid;
/*线程池中允许的活动线程数目*/
int max_thread_num;
/*当前等待队列的任务数目*/
int cur_queue_size;
} CThread_pool;
int pool_add_worker (void *(*process) (void *arg), void *arg);
void *thread_routine (void *arg);
static CThread_pool *pool = NULL;
void pool_init (int max_thread_num)
{
pool = (CThread_pool *) malloc (sizeof (CThread_pool));
pthread_mutex_init (&(pool->queue_lock), NULL);
pthread_cond_init (&(pool->queue_ready), NULL);
pool->queue_head = NULL;
pool->max_thread_num = max_thread_num;
pool->cur_queue_size = 0;
pool->shutdown = 0;
/// 线程ID 要在创建线程的时候传递给pthread_create 函数，这个需要是堆内存。
/// 要在整个线程运行期间保持有效,并且不要修改,否则运行时会出现莫名其妙错误很难发现！！！
pool->threadid =
(pthread_t *) malloc (max_thread_num * sizeof (pthread_t));
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < max_thread_num; i++)
{
pthread_create (&(pool->threadid[i]), NULL, thread_routine,
NULL);
}
}
/*向线程池中加入任务*/
int pool_add_worker (void *(*process) (void *arg), void *arg)
{
/*构造一个新任务*/
CThread_worker *newworker =
(CThread_worker *) malloc (sizeof (CThread_worker));
newworker->process = process;
newworker->arg = arg;
newworker->next = NULL;/*别忘置空*/
printf("add a word to thread_pool\n");
pthread_mutex_lock (&(pool->queue_lock));
/*将任务加入到等待队列中*/
CThread_worker *member = pool->queue_head;
if (member != NULL)
{
while (member->next != NULL)
member = member->next;
member->next = newworker;
}
else
{
pool->queue_head = newworker;
}
assert (pool->queue_head != NULL);
pool->cur_queue_size++;
pthread_mutex_unlock (&(pool->queue_lock));
/*好了，等待队列中有任务了，唤醒一个等待线程；
注意如果所有线程都在忙碌，这句没有任何作用*/
pthread_cond_signal (&(pool->queue_ready));
return 0;
}
/*销毁线程池，等待队列中的任务不会再被执行，但是正在运行的线程会一直
把任务运行完后再退出*/
int pool_destroy ()
{
if (pool->shutdown)
return -1;/*防止两次调用*/
pool->shutdown = 1;
/*唤醒所有等待线程，线程池要销毁了*/
pthread_cond_broadcast (&(pool->queue_ready));
///对于一个可join线程（非分离态） 所占内存仅当有线程对其执行pthread_join 才会释放。为此所有线程必须处于选择以下2种方式
///1）创建的时候设置为DETACHED状态 2）运行完之后使用pthread_join 来回收
int i;
for (i = 0; i < pool->max_thread_num; i++)
pthread_join (pool->threadid[i], NULL);
free (pool->threadid);
/*销毁等待队列*/
CThread_worker *head = NULL;
while (pool->queue_head != NULL)
{
head = pool->queue_head;
pool->queue_head = pool->queue_head->next;
free (head);
}
/*条件变量和互斥量也别忘了销毁*/
pthread_mutex_destroy(&(pool->queue_lock));
pthread_cond_destroy(&(pool->queue_ready));
free (pool);
/*销毁后指针置空是个好习惯*/
pool=NULL;
return 0;
}
void * thread_routine (void *arg)
{
printf ("starting thread 0x%x\n", pthread_self ());
while (1)
{
pthread_mutex_lock (&(pool->queue_lock));
/*如果等待队列为0并且不销毁线程池，则处于阻塞状态; 注意 pthread_cond_wait是一个原子操作，
等待前会解锁，唤醒后会加锁，注意在函数pool_add_worker调用过程中首先是cur_queue_size 加1， 然后再pthread_cond_signal */
while (pool->cur_queue_size == 0 && !pool->shutdown)
{
printf ("thread 0x%x is waiting\n", pthread_self ());
pthread_cond_wait (&(pool->queue_ready), &(pool->queue_lock));
}/*线程池要销毁了*/
if (pool->shutdown){ /*遇到break,continue,return等跳转语句，千万不要忘记先解锁*/
pthread_mutex_unlock (&(pool->queue_lock));
printf ("thread 0x%x will exit\n", pthread_self ());
pthread_exit (NULL);
}
printf ("thread 0x%x is starting to work\n", pthread_self ());
/*assert是调试的好帮手*/
assert (pool->cur_queue_size != 0);
assert (pool->queue_head != NULL);
/*等待队列长度减去1，并取出链表中的头元素*/
pool->cur_queue_size--;
CThread_worker *worker = pool->queue_head;
pool->queue_head = worker->next;
pthread_mutex_unlock (&(pool->queue_lock));
/*调用回调函数，执行任务*/
(*(worker->process)) (worker->arg);free (worker);worker = NULL;
}
/*这一句应该是不可达的*/
pthread_exit (NULL);
}
void * myprocess (void *arg)
{
printf ("threadid is 0x%x, working on task %d\n", pthread_self (),*(int *) arg);
sleep (1); /*休息一秒，延长任务的执行时间*/
return NULL;
}
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
pool_init (3); /*线程池中最多三个活动线程*/
/*连续向池中投入10个任务*/
int *workingnum = (int *) malloc (sizeof (int) * 10);
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
workingnum[i] = i;
pool_add_worker (myprocess, &workingnum[i]);
}
/*等待所有任务完成*/
sleep (5);
/*销毁线程池*/
pool_destroy ();
free (workingnum);
return 0;
}
注意上面代码中同步条件 pthread_cond_t 使用 需要配合mutex使用
pthread_mutex_lock (&(pool->queue_lock));
pthread_cond_wait (&(pool->queue_ready), &(pool->queue_lock));
pthread_mutex_unlock (&(pool->queue_lock));使用pthread_cond_wait 需要在 lock/unlock 之间，以防止在进入wait状态前有signal。 需要先lock, 一旦进入wait状态，会释放 mutex的lock。而一旦有收到signal信号就会自动重新获到mutex的lock。而且cond的lock是原子操作。
在需要的地方进行 pthread_cond_signal (&(pool->queue_ready)); 之前的wait 位置就可以执行，达到多个线程同步。编译代码
$ gcc -o threadpool threadpool.c -lpthread运行结果如下所示：
$ ./threadpool
starting thread 0x59413700
thread 0x59413700 is waiting
starting thread 0x58411700
thread 0x58411700 is waiting
starting thread 0x58c12700
thread 0x58c12700 is waiting
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
thread 0x59413700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x59413700, working on task 0
add a word to thread_pool
thread 0x58411700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58411700, working on task 1
thread 0x58c12700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58c12700, working on task 2
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
add a word to thread_pool
thread 0x59413700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x59413700, working on task 3
thread 0x58411700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58411700, working on task 4
thread 0x58c12700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58c12700, working on task 5
thread 0x59413700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x59413700, working on task 6
thread 0x58c12700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58c12700, working on task 7
thread 0x58411700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x58411700, working on task 8
thread 0x59413700 is starting to work
threadid is 0x59413700, working on task 9
thread 0x58c12700 is waiting
thread 0x58411700 is waiting
thread 0x59413700 is waiting
thread 0x58c12700 will exit
thread 0x58411700 will exit
thread 0x59413700 will exit
原文链接：
http://hi.baidu.com/boahegcrmdghots/item/f3ca1a3c2d47fcc52e8ec2e1
参考：
http://blog.csdn.net/zclongembedded/article/details/7337729
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