UUID

概念

UUID 是 通用唯一识别码（Universally Unique Identifier）的缩写，是一种软件建构的标准，亦为开放软件基金会组织在分布式计算环境领域的一部分。其目的，是让分布式系统中的所有元素，都能有唯一的辨识信息，而不需要通过中央控制端来做辨识信息的指定。（from 百度百科）

构成

UUID是一个128比特的数值，这个数值可以通过一定的算法计算出来。为了提高效率，常用的UUID可缩短至16位。
UUID是基于当前时间、计数器（counter）和硬件标识（通常为无线网卡的MAC地址）等数据计算生成的。

应用

分布式计算环境

各类版本

1. 基于时间的UUID–基于时间的 UUID 通过计算当前时间戳、随机数和机器 MAC 地址得到。由于在算法中使用了 MAC 地址，这个版本的 UUID 可以保证在全球范围的唯一性。
2. DCE安全的UUID–DCE（Distributed Computing Environment）安全的 UUID 和基于时间的 UUID 算法相同，但会把时间戳的前4位置换为 POSIX 的 UID 或 GID。这个版本的 UUID 在实际中较少用到。
3. 基于名字的UUID（MD5）–基于名字的 UUID 通过计算名字和名字空间的 MD5 散列值得到。
4. 随机UUID–根据随机数，或者伪随机数生成 UUID。
5. 基于名字的UUID（SHA1）–和版本 3 的 UUID 算法类似，只是散列值计算使用SHA1（Secure Hash Algorithm 1）算法。

go版本代码

// Copyright (C) 2013-2018 by Maxim Bublis <b@codemonkey.ru>
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

package uuid

import (
	"crypto/md5"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"encoding/binary"
	"hash"
	"net"
	"os"
	"sync"
	"time"
)

// Difference in 100-nanosecond intervals between
// UUID epoch (October 15, 1582) and Unix epoch (January 1, 1970).
const epochStart = 122192928000000000

var (
	global = newDefaultGenerator()

	epochFunc = unixTimeFunc
	posixUID  = uint32(os.Getuid())
	posixGID  = uint32(os.Getgid())
)

// NewV1 returns UUID based on current timestamp and MAC address.
func NewV1() UUID {
	return global.NewV1()
}

// NewV2 returns DCE Security UUID based on POSIX UID/GID.
func NewV2(domain byte) UUID {
	return global.NewV2(domain)
}

// NewV3 returns UUID based on MD5 hash of namespace UUID and name.
func NewV3(ns UUID, name string) UUID {
	return global.NewV3(ns, name)
}

// NewV4 returns random generated UUID.
func NewV4() UUID {
	return global.NewV4()
}

// NewV5 returns UUID based on SHA-1 hash of namespace UUID and name.
func NewV5(ns UUID, name string) UUID {
	return global.NewV5(ns, name)
}

// Generator provides interface for generating UUIDs.
type Generator interface {
	NewV1() UUID
	NewV2(domain byte) UUID
	NewV3(ns UUID, name string) UUID
	NewV4() UUID
	NewV5(ns UUID, name string) UUID
}

// Default generator implementation.
type generator struct {
	storageOnce  sync.Once
	storageMutex sync.Mutex

	lastTime      uint64
	clockSequence uint16
	hardwareAddr  [6]byte
}

func newDefaultGenerator() Generator {
	return &generator{}
}

// NewV1 returns UUID based on current timestamp and MAC address.
func (g *generator) NewV1() UUID {
	u := UUID{}

	timeNow, clockSeq, hardwareAddr := g.getStorage()

	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(u[0:], uint32(timeNow))
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[4:], uint16(timeNow>>32))
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[6:], uint16(timeNow>>48))
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[8:], clockSeq)

	copy(u[10:], hardwareAddr)

	u.SetVersion(V1)
	u.SetVariant(VariantRFC4122)

	return u
}

// NewV2 returns DCE Security UUID based on POSIX UID/GID.
func (g *generator) NewV2(domain byte) UUID {
	u := UUID{}

	timeNow, clockSeq, hardwareAddr := g.getStorage()

	switch domain {
	case DomainPerson:
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(u[0:], posixUID)
	case DomainGroup:
		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(u[0:], posixGID)
	}

	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[4:], uint16(timeNow>>32))
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[6:], uint16(timeNow>>48))
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(u[8:], clockSeq)
	u[9] = domain

	copy(u[10:], hardwareAddr)

	u.SetVersion(V2)
	u.SetVariant(VariantRFC4122)

	return u
}

// NewV3 returns UUID based on MD5 hash of namespace UUID and name.
func (g *generator) NewV3(ns UUID, name string) UUID {
	u := newFromHash(md5.New(), ns, name)
	u.SetVersion(V3)
	u.SetVariant(VariantRFC4122)

	return u
}

// NewV4 returns random generated UUID.
func (g *generator) NewV4() UUID {
	u := UUID{}
	g.safeRandom(u[:])
	u.SetVersion(V4)
	u.SetVariant(VariantRFC4122)

	return u
}

// NewV5 returns UUID based on SHA-1 hash of namespace UUID and name.
func (g *generator) NewV5(ns UUID, name string) UUID {
	u := newFromHash(sha1.New(), ns, name)
	u.SetVersion(V5)
	u.SetVariant(VariantRFC4122)

	return u
}

func (g *generator) initStorage() {
	g.initClockSequence()
	g.initHardwareAddr()
}

func (g *generator) initClockSequence() {
	buf := make([]byte, 2)
	g.safeRandom(buf)
	g.clockSequence = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf)
}

func (g *generator) initHardwareAddr() {
	interfaces, err := net.Interfaces()
	if err == nil {
		for _, iface := range interfaces {
			if len(iface.HardwareAddr) >= 6 {
				copy(g.hardwareAddr[:], iface.HardwareAddr)
				return
			}
		}
	}

	// Initialize hardwareAddr randomly in case
	// of real network interfaces absence
	g.safeRandom(g.hardwareAddr[:])

	// Set multicast bit as recommended in RFC 4122
	g.hardwareAddr[0] |= 0x01
}

func (g *generator) safeRandom(dest []byte) {
	if _, err := rand.Read(dest); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
}

// Returns UUID v1/v2 storage state.
// Returns epoch timestamp, clock sequence, and hardware address.
func (g *generator) getStorage() (uint64, uint16, []byte) {
	g.storageOnce.Do(g.initStorage)

	g.storageMutex.Lock()
	defer g.storageMutex.Unlock()

	timeNow := epochFunc()
	// Clock changed backwards since last UUID generation.
	// Should increase clock sequence.
	if timeNow <= g.lastTime {
		g.clockSequence++
	}
	g.lastTime = timeNow

	return timeNow, g.clockSequence, g.hardwareAddr[:]
}

// Returns difference in 100-nanosecond intervals between
// UUID epoch (October 15, 1582) and current time.
// This is default epoch calculation function.
func unixTimeFunc() uint64 {
	return epochStart + uint64(time.Now().UnixNano()/100)
}

// Returns UUID based on hashing of namespace UUID and name.
func newFromHash(h hash.Hash, ns UUID, name string) UUID {
	u := UUID{}
	h.Write(ns[:])
	h.Write([]byte(name))
	copy(u[:], h.Sum(nil))

	return u
}