1 三大组件
non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO
1.1 Channel & Buffer
channel 有一点类似于 stream，它就是读写数据的双向通道，可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer，也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel，而之前的 stream 要么是输入，要么是输出，channel 比 stream 更为底层
常见的 Channel 有
- FileChannel
- DatagramChannel
- SocketChannel
- ServerSocketChannel
buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据，常见的 buffer 有
- ByteBuffer
- MappedByteBuffer
- DirectByteBuffer
- HeapByteBuffer
- ShortBuffer
- IntBuffer
- LongBuffer
- FloatBuffer
- DoubleBuffer
- CharBuffer
1.2 Selector
selector 单从字面意思不好理解，需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途
1.3 多线程版设计
1.4 多线程版缺点
- 内存占用高
- 线程上下文切换成本高
- 只适合连接数少的场景
1.5 线程池版设计
1.6 线程池版缺点
- 阻塞模式下，线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接
- 仅适合短连接场景
1.7 selector 版设计
selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel，获取这些 channel 上发生的事件，这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下，不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多，但流量低的场景（low traffic）
调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件，这些事件发生，select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理
2 ByteBuffer
有一普通文本文件 data.txt，内容为
1234567890abcd
使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容
@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
do {
// 向 buffer 写入
int len = channel.read(buffer);
log.debug("读到字节数：{}", len);
if (len == -1) {
break;
}
// 切换 buffer 读模式
buffer.flip();
while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());
}
// 切换 buffer 写模式
buffer.clear();
} while (true);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
输出
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：10
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数：-1
2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势
- 向 buffer 写入数据，例如调用 channel.read(buffer)
- 调用 flip() 切换至读模式
- 从 buffer 读取数据，例如调用 buffer.get()
- 调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至写模式
- 重复 1~4 步骤
2.2 ByteBuffer 结构
ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性
- capacity
- position
- limit
一开始
写模式下，position 是写入位置，limit 等于容量，下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态
flip 动作发生后，position 切换为读取位置，limit 切换为读取限制
读取 4 个字节后，状态
clear 动作发生后，状态
compact 方法，是把未读完的部分向前压缩，然后切换至写模式
2.3 调试工具类
public class ByteBufferUtil {
private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];
private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];
private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];
private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];
private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];
private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];
static {
final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];
HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];
}
int i;
// Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddings
for (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {
int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);
for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
buf.append(" ");
}
HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).
for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);
buf.append(NEWLINE);
buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');
buf.append('|');
HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversion
for (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {
BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddings
for (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {
int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);
for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
buf.append(' ');
}
BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversion
for (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {
if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {
BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';
} else {
BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;
}
}
}
/**
* 打印所有内容
* @param buffer
*/
public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {
int oldlimit = buffer.limit();
buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());
StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);
appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());
System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");
System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);
System.out.println(origin);
buffer.limit(oldlimit);
}
/**
* 打印可读取内容
* @param buffer
*/
public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);
appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());
System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");
System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());
System.out.println(builder);
}
private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {
if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
"expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length
+ ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');
}
if (length == 0) {
return;
}
dump.append(
" +-------------------------------------------------+" +
NEWLINE + " | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |" +
NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
final int startIndex = offset;
final int fullRows = length >>> 4;
final int remainder = length & 0xF;
// Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.
for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {
int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;
// Per-row prefix.
appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);
// Hex dump
int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(" |");
// ASCII dump
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append('|');
}
// Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.
if (remainder != 0) {
int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;
appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);
// Hex dump
int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);
dump.append(" |");
// Ascii dump
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);
dump.append('|');
}
dump.append(NEWLINE +
"+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
}
private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {
if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {
dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);
} else {
dump.append(NEWLINE);
dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');
dump.append('|');
}
}
public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {
return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);
}
}
2.4 ByteBuffer 常见方法
2.4.1 分配空间
可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间，其它 buffer 类也有该方法
Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
2.4.2 向 buffer 写入数据
有两种办法
- 调用 channel 的 read 方法
- 调用 buffer 自己的 put 方法
int readBytes = channel.read(buf);
和
buf.put((byte)127);
2.4.3 从 buffer 读取数据
同样有两种办法
- 调用 channel 的 write 方法
- 调用 buffer 自己的 get 方法
int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);
和
byte b = buf.get();
get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走，如果想重复读取数据
- 可以调用 rewind 方法将 position 重新置为 0
- 或者调用 get(int i) 方法获取索引 i 的内容，它不会移动读指针
2.4.5 mark 和 reset
mark 是在读取时，做一个标记，即使 position 改变，只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置
注意
rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置
2.4.6 字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转
ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");
debug(buffer1);
debug(buffer2);
CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
System.out.println(buffer3.toString());
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
你好
2.5 Buffer 的线程安全
Buffer 是非线程安全的
2.6 Scattering Reads
分散读取，有一个文本文件 3parts.txt
onetwothree
使用如下方式读取，可以将数据填充至多个 buffer
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);
channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});
a.flip();
b.flip();
c.flip();
debug(a);
debug(b);
debug(c);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
结果
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6f 6e 65 |one |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 77 6f |two |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65 |three |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
2.7 Gathering Writes
使用如下方式写入，可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
channel.position(11);
d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});
e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});
d.flip();
e.flip();
debug(d);
debug(e);
channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 6f 75 72 |four |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 69 76 65 |five |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
文件内容
onetwothreefourfive
3. 文件编程
3.1 FileChannel
3.2 FileChannel 工作模式
FileChannel 只能工作在阻塞模式下
3.2.1 获取
不能直接打开 FileChannel，必须通过 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 来获取 FileChannel，它们都有 getChannel 方法
- 通过 FileInputStream 获取的 channel 只能读
- 通过 FileOutputStream 获取的 channel 只能写
- 通过 RandomAccessFile 是否能读写根据构造 RandomAccessFile 时的读写模式决定
3.2.2 读取
会从 channel 读取数据填充 ByteBuffer，返回值表示读到了多少字节，-1 表示到达了文件的末尾
int readBytes = channel.read(buffer);
3.2.3 写入
写入的正确姿势如下， SocketChannel
ByteBuffer buffer = ...;
buffer.put(...); // 存入数据
buffer.flip(); // 切换读模式
while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
channel.write(buffer);
}
在 while 中调用 channel.write 是因为 write 方法并不能保证一次将 buffer 中的内容全部写入 channel
3.2.4 关闭
channel 必须关闭，不过调用了 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 的 close 方法会间接地调用 channel 的 close 方法
3.2.5 位置
获取当前位置
long pos = channel.position();
设置当前位置
long newPos = ...;
channel.position(newPos);
设置当前位置时，如果设置为文件的末尾
- 这时读取会返回 -1
- 这时写入，会追加内容，但要注意如果 position 超过了文件末尾，再写入时在新内容和原末尾之间会有空洞（00）
3.2.6 大小
使用 size 方法获取文件的大小
3.2.7 强制写入
操作系统出于性能的考虑，会将数据缓存，不是立刻写入磁盘。可以调用 force(true) 方法将文件内容和元数据（文件的权限等信息）立刻写入磁盘
3.3 两个 Channel 传输数据
String FROM = "helloword/data.txt";
String TO = "helloword/to.txt";
long start = System.nanoTime();
try (FileChannel from = new FileInputStream(FROM).getChannel();
FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream(TO).getChannel();
) {
from.transferTo(0, from.size(), to);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
long end = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println("transferTo 用时：" + (end - start) / 1000_000.0);
输出
transferTo 用时：8.2011
超过 2g 大小的文件传输
public class TestFileChannelTransferTo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (
FileChannel from = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel();
FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream("to.txt").getChannel();
) {
// 效率高，底层会利用操作系统的零拷贝进行优化
long size = from.size();
// left 变量代表还剩余多少字节
for (long left = size; left > 0; ) {
System.out.println("position:" + (size - left) + " left:" + left);
left -= from.transferTo((size - left), left, to);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
实际传输一个超大文件
position:0 left:7769948160
position:2147483647 left:5622464513
position:4294967294 left:3474980866
position:6442450941 left:1327497219
3.4 Path
jdk7 引入了 Path 和 Paths 类
- Path 用来表示文件路径
- Paths 是工具类，用来获取 Path 实例
Path source = Paths.get("1.txt"); // 相对路径 使用 user.dir 环境变量来定位 1.txt
Path source = Paths.get("d:\\1.txt"); // 绝对路径 代表了 d:\1.txt
Path source = Paths.get("d:/1.txt"); // 绝对路径 同样代表了 d:\1.txt
Path projects = Paths.get("d:\\data", "projects"); // 代表了 d:\data\projects
.代表了当前路径..代表了上一级路径
例如目录结构如下
d:
|- data
|- projects
|- a
|- b
代码
Path path = Paths.get("d:\\data\\projects\\a\\..\\b");
System.out.println(path);
System.out.println(path.normalize()); // 正常化路径
会输出
d:\data\projects\a\..\b
d:\data\projects\b
3.5 Files
检查文件是否存在
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
System.out.println(Files.exists(path));
创建一级目录
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
Files.createDirectory(path);
- 如果目录已存在，会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException
- 不能一次创建多级目录，否则会抛异常 NoSuchFileException
创建多级目录用
Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1/d2");
Files.createDirectories(path);
拷贝文件
Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");
Files.copy(source, target);
- 如果文件已存在，会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException
如果希望用 source 覆盖掉 target，需要用 StandardCopyOption 来控制
Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
移动文件
Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
Files.move(source, target, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
- StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE 保证文件移动的原子性
删除文件
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");
Files.delete(target);
- 如果文件不存在，会抛异常 NoSuchFileException
删除目录
Path target = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
Files.delete(target);
- 如果目录还有内容，会抛异常 DirectoryNotEmptyException
遍历目录文件
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
AtomicInteger dirCount = new AtomicInteger();
AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
@Override
public FileVisitResult preVisitDirectory(Path dir, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
throws IOException {
System.out.println(dir);
dirCount.incrementAndGet();
return super.preVisitDirectory(dir, attrs);
}
@Override
public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
throws IOException {
System.out.println(file);
fileCount.incrementAndGet();
return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
}
});
System.out.println(dirCount); // 133
System.out.println(fileCount); // 1479
}
统计 jar 的数目
Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
@Override
public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
throws IOException {
if (file.toFile().getName().endsWith(".jar")) {
fileCount.incrementAndGet();
}
return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
}
});
System.out.println(fileCount); // 724
删除多级目录
Path path = Paths.get("d:\\a");
Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor<Path>(){
@Override
public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
throws IOException {
Files.delete(file);
return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
}
@Override
public FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir, IOException exc)
throws IOException {
Files.delete(dir);
return super.postVisitDirectory(dir, exc);
}
});
3.6 删除很危险
删除是危险操作，确保要递归删除的文件夹没有重要内容
拷贝多级目录
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
String source = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64";
String target = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64aaa";
Files.walk(Paths.get(source)).forEach(path -> {
try {
String targetName = path.toString().replace(source, target);
// 是目录
if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
Files.createDirectory(Paths.get(targetName));
}
// 是普通文件
else if (Files.isRegularFile(path)) {
Files.copy(path, Paths.get(targetName));
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println(end - start);
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