1、 关键过程
备份源数据库
a) 创建备份目录，用root用户登录源数据库，执行下列命令：
vmsdb1:~ # mkdir /opt/orabak/
vmsdb1:~ # chmod 775 /opt/orabak/
vmsdb1:~ # chown oracle:oinstall /opt/orabak/
b) 备份数据库、归档日志文件和控制文件：
vmsdb1:~ # su - oracle
--检查当前数据库实例是不是vmsdb1
oracle@vmsdb1:~> echo $ORACLE_SID
oracle@vmsdb1:~> rman target /
RMAN> run {
#删除过期备份和归档日志
crosscheck backup;
delete expired backup;
crosscheck archivelog all;
delete expired archivelog all;
#备份数据库和归档日志
allocate channel t1 type disk;
set limit channel t1 kbytes=1000000;
backup
incremental level 0
skip inaccessible
as compressed backupset
# recommended format
format '/opt/orabak/fullbackup_%T_%U.backup'
database plus archivelog;
#备份控制文件
backup current controlfile format '/opt/orabak/ctlfile_backup.backup';
release channel t1;
}
c) 备份初始化参数文件
oracle@vmsdb1:/opt/orabak>sqlplus / as sysdba
sql>create pfile='/opt/orabak/VMSDB1_init.ora' from spfile;
d) 备份口令文件
oracle@vmsdb1:/opt/orabak>cp $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwvmsdb1 /opt/orabak
当前实例的口令文件，存放在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/路径下，文件命规则是：orapw$ORACLE_SID。
将备份文件传送到目标数据库机器
a) 使用SCP传送到目的服务器：10.137.19.155，在传送备份文件前，需要在目标数据库上建立好对应的路径和赋权，具体命令可以参考下面“创建存储RMAN备份的目录”命令。
vmsdb1:/opt/orabak # tar -zcvf vmsdb1_backup.tar.gz ./
vmsdb1:/opt/orabak # scp vmsdb1_backup.tar.gz oracle@10.137.19.155:/opt/orabak
在目标单板上恢复数据库
a) 创建存储RMAN备份的目录
linux155:~ # mkdir /opt/orabak/
linux155:~ # chmod 775 /opt/orabak/
linux155:~ # chown oracle:oinstall /opt/orabak/
b) 创建实例vmsdb1的相关目录
linux155:~ # su - oracle
oracle@linux155:~>mkdir -p /opt/oracle/admin/vmsdb1/{adump,dpdump,hdump,pfile,scripts}
oracle@linux155:~>mkdir -p /opt/oracle/diag/rdbms/vmsdb1/vmsdb1/{alert,cdump,hm,incident,incpkg,ir,lck,metadata,stage,sweep,trace}
oracle@linux155:~>mkdir -p /opt/oracle/oradata/vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:~>mkdir -p /opt/oracle/oradata/vmsdb1/archive_log
源数据库中，vmsdb1数据库的数据文件存放路径是“/opt/oracle/oradata/vmsdb1”，归档日志存放路径是“/opt/oracle/oradata/vmsdb1/archive_log”。
c) 创建口令文件
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> tar -zxvf vmsdb1_backup.tar.gz
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> cp orapwvmsdb1 $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/
d) 创建初始化参数文件
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> cp VMSDB1_init.ora $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initvmsdb1.ora
Oracle11g数据库启动时，会搜索$ORACLE_HOME/dbs，先加载spfile，如果不存在spfile，则加载pfile，pfile的命名规则是：init$ORACLE_SID.ora。
e) RMAN恢复
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> export ORACLE_SID=vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> echo $ORACLE_SID
oracle@linux155:/opt/orabak> rman target/
Recovery Manager: Release 11.1.0.7.0 - Production on Wed May 2 19:30:48 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> set dbid=2886533464; //指定DBID，需要和源服务器的DBID一致，可以从源服务器中的v$database视图中查询得到
RMAN> startup nomount;
RMAN> restore controlfile from '/opt/orabak/ctlfile_backup.backup'; --恢复控制文件
RMAN> alter database mount;
RMAN> restore database; --还原数据库文件
RMAN> recover database; --恢复数据库文件，这里将报错，不需处理，继续根据本案例指导，进行后面的操作
Starting recover at 02-MAY-12
using channel ORA_DISK_1
starting media recovery
……
archived log thread=1 sequence=21
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of recover command at 05/02/2012 20:02:58
RMAN-06054: media recovery requesting unknown archived log for thread 1 with sequence 21 and starting SCN of 998298
RMAN> shutdown immediate;
f) 打开数据库
linux155:~ # su - oracle
oracle@linux155:~> export ORACLE_SID=vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:~> echo $ORACLE_SID
vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:~> sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.7.0 - Production on Thu May 3 08:29:00 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2008, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1603411968 bytes
Fixed Size 2160112 bytes
Variable Size 385878544 bytes
Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes
Redo Buffers 7413760 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
Database altered.
SQL> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
OPEN
至此，数据库在目标单板上已成功恢复了。
3、 结论、解决方案及效果
本案例使用的典型场景如下：
a) 在局点搭建测试床，演练升级和调测业务。
b) 当现网数据库出现严重故障，需长时间修复时，可快速地在冗余、空闲数据库单板上恢复数据库，业务指向暂时数据库，快速恢复业务。
c) 在研发实验室快速搭建现场数据库镜像环境，进行业务开发和测试，以及问题重现等。
4、 经验总结、预防措施和规范建议
如果打开数据库的过程中，出现下列错误：
SQL> alter database open resetlogs;
alter database open resetlogs
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced
Process ID: 2946
Session ID: 170 Serial number: 5
-- alert日志报错
Thu May 03 08:29:15 2012
ALTER DATABASE OPEN
ORA-1589 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE OPEN...
Thu May 03 08:29:33 2012
alter database open resetlogs
……
ORA-00704: bootstrap process failure
ORA-39700: database must be opened with UPGRADE option
Error 704 happened during db open, shutting down database
USER (ospid: 2946): terminating the instance due to error 704
Instance terminated by USER, pid = 2946
ORA-1092 signalled during: alter database open resetlogs...
ORA-1092 : opiodr aborting process unknown ospid (2946_47245946265184)
Thu May 03 08:29:41 2012
ORA-1092 : opitsk aborting process
错误原因是：源数据库和目标数据库的版本不一致或Oracle补丁没有加载一致，所以请用下面的方法解决：
oracle@linux155:~> export ORACLE_SID=vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:~> echo $ORACLE_SID
vmsdb1
oracle@linux155:~> sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.7.0 - Production on Thu May 3 08:32:23 2012
Copyright (c) 1982, 2008, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> STARTUP UPGRADE;
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1603411968 bytes
Fixed Size 2160112 bytes
Variable Size 385878544 bytes
Database Buffers 1207959552 bytes
Redo Buffers 7413760 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> @$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catupgrd.sql
-- 上述命令执行完毕后，数据库已关闭，所以执行下列命令
SQL> quit
oracle@linux155:~> sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL> startup;
…
-- 编译失效对象
SQL> @$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlrp.sql
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