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原创 C# 线程同步示例
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Threading.Tasks; using System.Threading; namespace ThreadLockMutexMonitor { class Pro
2016-02-15 10:24:47 251
Java编程思想第四版 中文版
《THINKING IN JAVA》中文版.............................................................................................................................................1
写在前面的话 ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
引 言 ................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1. 前提......................................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Java 的学习.........................................................................................................................................................................8
3. 目标......................................................................................................................................................................................8
4. 联机文档.............................................................................................................................................................................9
5. 章节......................................................................................................................................................................................9
6. 练习....................................................................................................................................................................................12
7. 多媒体CD-ROM .............................................................................................................................................................12
8. 源代码................................................................................................................................................................................12
9. 编码样式...........................................................................................................................................................................14
10. Java 版本.........................................................................................................................................................................14
11. 课程和培训.....................................................................................................................................................................14
12. 错误..................................................................................................................................................................................14
13. 封面设计.........................................................................................................................................................................15
14. 致谢..................................................................................................................................................................................15
第 1 章对象入门.......................................................................................................................................................................27
1.1 抽象的进步.....................................................................................................................................................................27
1.2 对象的接口.....................................................................................................................................................................28
1.3 实现方案的隐藏............................................................................................................................................................29
1.4 方案的重复使用............................................................................................................................................................30
1.5 继承:重新使用接口...................................................................................................................................................30
1.5.1 改善基础类.............................................................................................................................................................. 30
1.5.2 等价与类似关系..................................................................................................................................................... 31
1.6 多形对象的互换使用...................................................................................................................................................31
1.6.1 动态绑定.................................................................................................................................................................. 32
1.6.2 抽象的基础类和接口............................................................................................................................................ 32
1.7 对象的创建和存在时间...............................................................................................................................................33
1.7.1 集合与继承器......................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.7.2 单根结构.................................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.7.3 集合库与方便使用集合........................................................................................................................................ 35
1.7.4 清除时的困境:由谁负责清除? ...................................................................................................................... 35
1.8 违例控制:解决错误...................................................................................................................................................36
1.9 多线程..............................................................................................................................................................................37
1.10 永久性...........................................................................................................................................................................37
1.11 Java 和因特网..............................................................................................................................................................37
1.11.1 什么是Web? ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
1.11.2 客户端编程(注释⑧) ..................................................................................................................................... 38
1.11.3 服务器端编程....................................................................................................................................................... 41
1.11.4 一个独立的领域:应用程序............................................................................................................................. 41
1.12 分析和设计...................................................................................................................................................................42
1.12.1 不要迷失................................................................................................................................................................ 42
1.12.2 阶段0:拟出一个计划....................................................................................................................................... 42
1.12.3 阶段1:要制作什么?....................................................................................................................................... 43
1.12.4 阶段2:如何构建? ........................................................................................................................................... 43
1.12.5 阶段3:开始创建............................................................................................................................................... 44
1.12.6 阶段4:校订........................................................................................................................................................ 44
1.12.7 计划的回报........................................................................................................................................................... 45
1.13 Java 还是C++?........................................................................................................................................................45
18
第2 章一切都是对象 ..............................................................................................................................................................46
2.1 用句柄操纵对象............................................................................................................................................................46
2.2 所有对象都必须创建...................................................................................................................................................46
2.2.1 保存到什么地方..................................................................................................................................................... 46
2.2.2 特殊情况:主要类型............................................................................................................................................ 47
2.2.3 Java 的数组............................................................................................................................................................. 48
2.3 绝对不要清除对象.......................................................................................................................................................48
2.3.1 作用域...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
2.3.2 对象的作用域......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.4 新建数据类型:类.......................................................................................................................................................49
2.4.1 字段和方法.............................................................................................................................................................. 49
2.5 方法、自变量和返回值...............................................................................................................................................50
2.5.1 自变量列表.............................................................................................................................................................. 51
2.6 构建Java 程序...............................................................................................................................................................52
2.6.1 名字的可见性......................................................................................................................................................... 52
2.6.2 使用其他组件......................................................................................................................................................... 52
2.6.3 static 关键字............................................................................................................................................................ 52
2.7 我们的第一个Java 程序.............................................................................................................................................53
2.8 注释和嵌入文档............................................................................................................................................................55
2.8.1 注释文档.................................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.2 具体语法.................................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.3 嵌入HTML............................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.4 @see:引用其他类............................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.5 类文档标记.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
2.8.6 变量文档标记......................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.7 方法文档标记......................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.8 文档示例.................................................................................................................................................................. 58
2.9 编码样式.........................................................................................................................................................................59
2.10 总结................................................................................................................................................................................59
2.11 练习................................................................................................................................................................................59
第 3 章控制程序流程 ..............................................................................................................................................................60
3.1 使用Java 运算符..........................................................................................................................................................60
3.1.1 优先级...................................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1.2 赋值........................................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1.3 算术运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 62
3.1.4 自动递增和递减..................................................................................................................................................... 64
3.1.5 关系运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 65
3.1.6 逻辑运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 66
3.1.7 按位运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1.8 移位运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1.9 三元if-else 运算符................................................................................................................................................ 71
3.1.10 逗号运算符........................................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.11 字串运算符+......................................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.12 运算符常规操作规则.......................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.13 造型运算符........................................................................................................................................................... 73
3.1.14 Java 没有“sizeof” ............................................................................................................................................ 74
3.1.15 复习计算顺序....................................................................................................................................................... 75
3.1.16 运算符总结........................................................................................................................................................... 75
3.2 执行控制.........................................................................................................................................................................84
3.2.1 真和假...................................................................................................................................................................... 84
3.2.2 if-else........................................................................................................................................................................ 84
3.2.3 反复........................................................................................................................................................................... 85
19
3.2.4 do-while.................................................................................................................................................................... 85
3.2.5 for.............................................................................................................................................................................. 86
3.2.6 中断和继续.............................................................................................................................................................. 87
3.2.7 开关........................................................................................................................................................................... 91
3.3 总结..................................................................................................................................................................................94
3.4 练习..................................................................................................................................................................................94
第 4 章初始化和清除 ..............................................................................................................................................................95
4.1 用构建器自动初始化...................................................................................................................................................95
4.2 方法过载.........................................................................................................................................................................96
4.2.1 区分过载方法......................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.2.2 主类型的过载......................................................................................................................................................... 98
4.2.3 返回值过载............................................................................................................................................................ 101
4.2.4 默认构建器............................................................................................................................................................ 102
4.2.5 this 关键字............................................................................................................................................................. 102
4.3 清除:收尾和垃圾收集............................................................................................................................................105
4.3.1 finalize()用途何在................................................................................................................................................ 105
4.3.2 必须执行清除....................................................................................................................................................... 106
4.4 成员初始化..................................................................................................................................................................108
4.4.1 规定初始化............................................................................................................................................................ 109
4.4.2 构建器初始化....................................................................................................................................................... 111
4.5 数组初始化..................................................................................................................................................................116
4.5.1 多维数组................................................................................................................................................................ 119
4.6 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................121
4.7 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................121
第 5 章隐藏实施过程 ...........................................................................................................................................................123
5.1 包:库单元..................................................................................................................................................................123
5.1.1 创建独一无二的包名.......................................................................................................................................... 124
5.1.2 自定义工具库....................................................................................................................................................... 126
5.1.3 利用导入改变行为.............................................................................................................................................. 128
5.1.4 包的停用................................................................................................................................................................ 130
5.2 Java 访问指示符........................................................................................................................................................130
5.2.1 “友好的”............................................................................................................................................................ 130
5.2.2 public:接口访问................................................................................................................................................ 131
5.2.3 private:不能接触!........................................................................................................................................... 132
5.2.4 protected:“友好的一种”.............................................................................................................................. 133
5.3 接口与实现..................................................................................................................................................................134
5.4 类访问...........................................................................................................................................................................135
5.5 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................136
5.6 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................137
第 6 章类再生 ........................................................................................................................................................................139
6.1 合成的语法..................................................................................................................................................................139
6.2 继承的语法..................................................................................................................................................................141
6.2.1 初始化基础类....................................................................................................................................................... 143
6.3 合成与继承的结合....................................................................................................................................................145
6.3.1 确保正确的清除................................................................................................................................................... 146
6.3.2 名字的隐藏............................................................................................................................................................ 148
6.4 到底选择合成还是继承............................................................................................................................................149
6.5 protected ....................................................................................................................................................................... 150
6.6 累积开发......................................................................................................................................................................151
6.7 上溯造型......................................................................................................................................................................151
6.7.1 何谓“上溯造型”?.......................................................................................................................................... 152
6.8 final 关键字..................................................................................................................................................................152
6.8.1 final 数据................................................................................................................................................................ 152
20
6.8.2 final 方法................................................................................................................................................................ 155
6.8.3 final 类.................................................................................................................................................................... 156
6.8.4 final 的注意事项.................................................................................................................................................. 156
6.9 初始化和类装载.........................................................................................................................................................157
6.9.1 继承初始化............................................................................................................................................................ 157
6.10 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................158
6.11 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................159
第 7 章多形性 ........................................................................................................................................................................160
7.1 上溯造型......................................................................................................................................................................160
7.1.1 为什么要上溯造型.............................................................................................................................................. 161
7.2 深入理解......................................................................................................................................................................162
7.2.1 方法调用的绑定................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.2.2 产生正确的行为................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.2.3 扩展性.................................................................................................................................................................... 165
7.3 覆盖与过载..................................................................................................................................................................168
7.4 抽象类和方法.............................................................................................................................................................169
7.5 接口...............................................................................................................................................................................172
7.5.1 Java 的“多重继承”.......................................................................................................................................... 174
7.5.2 通过继承扩展接口.............................................................................................................................................. 176
7.5.3 常数分组................................................................................................................................................................ 177
7.5.4 初始化接口中的字段.......................................................................................................................................... 178
7.6 内部类...........................................................................................................................................................................179
7.6.1 内部类和上溯造型.............................................................................................................................................. 180
7.6.2 方法和作用域中的内部类................................................................................................................................. 181
7.6.3 链接到外部类....................................................................................................................................................... 186
7.6.4 static 内部类.......................................................................................................................................................... 187
7.6.5 引用外部类对象................................................................................................................................................... 189
7.6.6 从内部类继承....................................................................................................................................................... 190
7.6.7 内部类可以覆盖吗?.......................................................................................................................................... 190
7.6.8 内部类标识符....................................................................................................................................................... 192
7.6.9 为什么要用内部类:控制框架......................................................................................................................... 192
7.7 构建器和多形性.........................................................................................................................................................198
7.7.1 构建器的调用顺序.............................................................................................................................................. 198
7.7.2 继承和finalize() ................................................................................................................................................... 199
7.7.3 构建器内部的多形性方法的行为.................................................................................................................... 202
7.8 通过继承进行设计....................................................................................................................................................204
7.8.1 纯继承与扩展....................................................................................................................................................... 205
7.8.2 下溯造型与运行期类型标识............................................................................................................................. 206
7.9 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................208
7.10 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................208
第 8 章对象的容纳 ................................................................................................................................................................209
8.1 数组...............................................................................................................................................................................209
8.1.1 数组和第一类对象.............................................................................................................................................. 209
8.1.2 数组的返回............................................................................................................................................................ 212
8.2 集合...............................................................................................................................................................................213
8.2.1 缺点:类型未知................................................................................................................................................... 213
8.3 枚举器(反复器) ....................................................................................................................................................217
8.4 集合的类型..................................................................................................................................................................220
8.4.1 Vector..................................................................................................................................................................... 220
8.4.2 BitSet...................................................................................................................................................................... 221
8.4.3 Stack ....................................................................................................................................................................... 222
8.4.4 Hashtable................................................................................................................................................................223
8.4.5 再论枚举器............................................................................................................................................................ 228
21
8.5 排序...............................................................................................................................................................................229
8.6 通用集合库..................................................................................................................................................................232
8.7 新集合...........................................................................................................................................................................233
8.7.1 使用Collections................................................................................................................................................... 235
8.7.2 使用Lists............................................................................................................................................................... 238
8.7.3 使用Sets ................................................................................................................................................................ 242
8.7.4 使用Maps.............................................................................................................................................................. 244
8.7.5 决定实施方案....................................................................................................................................................... 247
8.7.6 未支持的操作....................................................................................................................................................... 253
8.7.7 排序和搜索............................................................................................................................................................ 255
8.7.8 实用工具................................................................................................................................................................ 259
8.8 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................261
8.9 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................262
第 9 章违例差错控制 ...........................................................................................................................................................263
9.1 基本违例......................................................................................................................................................................263
9.1.1 违例自变量............................................................................................................................................................ 264
9.2 违例的捕获..................................................................................................................................................................264
9.2.1 try 块....................................................................................................................................................................... 264
9.2.2 违例控制器............................................................................................................................................................ 265
9.2.3 违例规范................................................................................................................................................................ 265
9.2.4 捕获所有违例....................................................................................................................................................... 266
9.2.5 重新“掷”出违例.............................................................................................................................................. 267
9.3 标准 Java 违例............................................................................................................................................................ 270
9.3.1 RuntimeException 的特殊情况......................................................................................................................... 270
9.4 创建自己的违例.........................................................................................................................................................271
9.5 违例的限制..................................................................................................................................................................274
9.6 用finally 清除.............................................................................................................................................................276
9.6.1 用finally 做什么.................................................................................................................................................. 277
9.6.2 缺点:丢失的违例.............................................................................................................................................. 279
9.7 构建器...........................................................................................................................................................................280
9.8 违例匹配......................................................................................................................................................................283
9.8.1 违例准则................................................................................................................................................................ 284
9.9 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................284
9.10 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................284
第 10 章JAVA IO 系统.........................................................................................................................................................285
10.1 输入和输出................................................................................................................................................................285
10.1.1 InputStream的类型........................................................................................................................................... 285
10.1.2 OutputStream的类型........................................................................................................................................ 286
10.2 增添属性和有用的接口.........................................................................................................................................286
10.2.1 通过FilterInputStream 从InputStream里读入数据................................................................................... 287
10.2.2 通过FilterOutputStream 向OutputStream 里写入数据............................................................................. 287
10.3 本身的缺陷:RandomAccessFile.........................................................................................................................288
10.4 File 类.........................................................................................................................................................................288
10.4.1 目录列表器......................................................................................................................................................... 288
10.4.2 检查与创建目录.................................................................................................................................................292
10.5 IO 流的典型应用......................................................................................................................................................294
10.5.1 输入流.................................................................................................................................................................. 296
10.5.2 输出流.................................................................................................................................................................. 298
10.5.3 快捷文件处理..................................................................................................................................................... 298
10.5.4 从标准输入中读取数据.................................................................................................................................... 300
10.5.5 管道数据流......................................................................................................................................................... 300
10.6 StreamTokenizer........................................................................................................................................................300
22
10.6.1 StringTokenizer .................................................................................................................................................. 303
10.7 Java 1.1 的IO 流......................................................................................................................................................305
10.7.1 数据的发起与接收............................................................................................................................................ 305
10.7.2 修改数据流的行为............................................................................................................................................ 306
10.7.3 未改变的类......................................................................................................................................................... 306
10.7.4 一个例子.............................................................................................................................................................. 307
10.7.5 重导向标准IO.................................................................................................................................................... 310
10.8 压缩.............................................................................................................................................................................311
10.8.1 用GZIP 进行简单压缩..................................................................................................................................... 311
10.8.2 用Zip 进行多文件保存.................................................................................................................................... 312
10.8.3 Java 归档(jar)实用程序............................................................................................................................... 314
10.9 对象序列化................................................................................................................................................................315
10.9.1 寻找类.................................................................................................................................................................. 318
10.9.2 序列化的控制..................................................................................................................................................... 319
10.9.3 利用“持久性”.................................................................................................................................................326
10.10 总结...........................................................................................................................................................................332
10.11 练习...........................................................................................................................................................................332
第 11 章运行期类型鉴定.....................................................................................................................................................333
11.1 对RTTI 的需要.........................................................................................................................................................333
11.1.1 Class 对象............................................................................................................................................................ 334
11.1.2 造型前的检查..................................................................................................................................................... 337
11.2 RTTI 语法...................................................................................................................................................................342
11.3 反射:运行期类信息..............................................................................................................................................343
11.3.1 一个类方法提取器............................................................................................................................................ 344
11.4 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................347
11.5 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................348
第 12 章传递和返回对象.....................................................................................................................................................349
12.1 传递句柄....................................................................................................................................................................349
12.1.1 别名问题.............................................................................................................................................................. 349
12.2 制作本地副本...........................................................................................................................................................351
12.2.1 按值传递.............................................................................................................................................................. 351
12.2.2 克隆对象.............................................................................................................................................................. 352
12.2.3 使类具有克隆能力............................................................................................................................................ 353
12.2.4 成功的克隆......................................................................................................................................................... 353
12.2.5 Object.clone()的效果........................................................................................................................................ 355
12.2.6 克隆合成对象..................................................................................................................................................... 356
12.2.7 用Vector 进行深层复制................................................................................................................................... 358
12.2.8 通过序列化进行深层复制............................................................................................................................... 359
12.2.9 使克隆具有更大的深度.................................................................................................................................... 361
12.2.10 为什么有这个奇怪的设计............................................................................................................................. 362
12.3 克隆的控制................................................................................................................................................................363
12.3.1 副本构建器......................................................................................................................................................... 366
12.4 只读类........................................................................................................................................................................369
12.4.1 创建只读类......................................................................................................................................................... 370
12.4.2 “一成不变”的弊端........................................................................................................................................ 371
12.4.3 不变字串.............................................................................................................................................................. 373
12.4.4 String 和StringBuffer 类.................................................................................................................................. 374
12.4.5 字串的特殊性..................................................................................................................................................... 376
12.5 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................376
12.6 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................376
第十三 章创建窗口和程序片 ..............................................................................................................................................378
13.1 为何要用AWT ?......................................................................................................................................................378
23
13.2 基本程序片................................................................................................................................................................379
13.2.1 程序片的测试..................................................................................................................................................... 380
13.2.2 一个更图形化的例子........................................................................................................................................ 381
13.2.3 框架方法的演示.................................................................................................................................................381
13.3 制作按钮....................................................................................................................................................................382
13.4 捕获事件....................................................................................................................................................................382
13.5 文本字段....................................................................................................................................................................384
13.6 文本区域....................................................................................................................................................................385
13.7 标签.............................................................................................................................................................................386
13.8 复选框........................................................................................................................................................................387
13.9 单选钮........................................................................................................................................................................388
13.10 下拉列表..................................................................................................................................................................389
13.11 列表框......................................................................................................................................................................390
13.11.1 handleEvent() .................................................................................................................................................... 391
13.12 布局的控制.............................................................................................................................................................393
13.12.1 FlowLayout....................................................................................................................................................... 393
13.12.2 BorderLayout .................................................................................................................................................... 393
13.12.3 GridLayout........................................................................................................................................................ 394
13.12.4 CardLayout........................................................................................................................................................ 394
13.12.5 GridBagLayout.................................................................................................................................................396
13.13 action 的替代品......................................................................................................................................................396
13.14 程序片的局限.........................................................................................................................................................400
13.14.1 程序片的优点................................................................................................................................................... 401
13.15 视窗化应用.............................................................................................................................................................401
13.15.1 菜单.................................................................................................................................................................... 401
13.15.2 对话框................................................................................................................................................................ 404
13.16 新型AWT ................................................................................................................................................................. 408
13.16.1 新的事件模型................................................................................................................................................... 409
13.16.2 事件和接收者类型.......................................................................................................................................... 410
13.16.3 用Java 1.1 AWT制作窗口和程序片.......................................................................................................... 414
13.16.4 再研究一下以前的例子................................................................................................................................. 416
13.16.5 动态绑定事件................................................................................................................................................... 431
13.16.6 将事务逻辑与UI 逻辑区分开...................................................................................................................... 433
13.16.7 推荐编码方法................................................................................................................................................... 435
13.17 Java 1.1 用户接口API..........................................................................................................................................448
13.17.1 桌面颜色........................................................................................................................................................... 448
13.17.2 打印.................................................................................................................................................................... 448
13.17.3 剪贴板................................................................................................................................................................ 454
13.18 可视编程和Beans.................................................................................................................................................456
13.18.1 什么是Bean...................................................................................................................................................... 457
13.18.2 用Introspector 提取BeanInfo....................................................................................................................... 458
13.18.3 一个更复杂的Bean ........................................................................................................................................ 463
13.18.4 Bean 的封装...................................................................................................................................................... 465
13.18.5 更复杂的Bean 支持........................................................................................................................................ 466
13.18.6 Bean 更多的知识............................................................................................................................................. 466
13.19 Swing 入门(注释⑦).........................................................................................................................................467
13.19.1 Swing 有哪些优点........................................................................................................................................... 467
13.19.2 方便的转换....................................................................................................................................................... 467
13.19.3 显示框架........................................................................................................................................................... 468
13.19.4 工具提示..............................................................................................................
2014-03-25
Java编程思想第四版(中文版)
《THINKING IN JAVA》中文版.............................................................................................................................................1
写在前面的话 ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
引 言 ................................................................................................................................................................................................8
1. 前提......................................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Java 的学习.........................................................................................................................................................................8
3. 目标......................................................................................................................................................................................8
4. 联机文档.............................................................................................................................................................................9
5. 章节......................................................................................................................................................................................9
6. 练习....................................................................................................................................................................................12
7. 多媒体CD-ROM .............................................................................................................................................................12
8. 源代码................................................................................................................................................................................12
9. 编码样式...........................................................................................................................................................................14
10. Java 版本.........................................................................................................................................................................14
11. 课程和培训.....................................................................................................................................................................14
12. 错误..................................................................................................................................................................................14
13. 封面设计.........................................................................................................................................................................15
14. 致谢..................................................................................................................................................................................15
第 1 章对象入门.......................................................................................................................................................................27
1.1 抽象的进步.....................................................................................................................................................................27
1.2 对象的接口.....................................................................................................................................................................28
1.3 实现方案的隐藏............................................................................................................................................................29
1.4 方案的重复使用............................................................................................................................................................30
1.5 继承:重新使用接口...................................................................................................................................................30
1.5.1 改善基础类.............................................................................................................................................................. 30
1.5.2 等价与类似关系..................................................................................................................................................... 31
1.6 多形对象的互换使用...................................................................................................................................................31
1.6.1 动态绑定.................................................................................................................................................................. 32
1.6.2 抽象的基础类和接口............................................................................................................................................ 32
1.7 对象的创建和存在时间...............................................................................................................................................33
1.7.1 集合与继承器......................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.7.2 单根结构.................................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.7.3 集合库与方便使用集合........................................................................................................................................ 35
1.7.4 清除时的困境:由谁负责清除? ...................................................................................................................... 35
1.8 违例控制:解决错误...................................................................................................................................................36
1.9 多线程..............................................................................................................................................................................37
1.10 永久性...........................................................................................................................................................................37
1.11 Java 和因特网..............................................................................................................................................................37
1.11.1 什么是Web? ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
1.11.2 客户端编程(注释⑧) ..................................................................................................................................... 38
1.11.3 服务器端编程....................................................................................................................................................... 41
1.11.4 一个独立的领域:应用程序............................................................................................................................. 41
1.12 分析和设计...................................................................................................................................................................42
1.12.1 不要迷失................................................................................................................................................................ 42
1.12.2 阶段0:拟出一个计划....................................................................................................................................... 42
1.12.3 阶段1:要制作什么?....................................................................................................................................... 43
1.12.4 阶段2:如何构建? ........................................................................................................................................... 43
1.12.5 阶段3:开始创建............................................................................................................................................... 44
1.12.6 阶段4:校订........................................................................................................................................................ 44
1.12.7 计划的回报........................................................................................................................................................... 45
1.13 Java 还是C++?........................................................................................................................................................45
18
第2 章一切都是对象 ..............................................................................................................................................................46
2.1 用句柄操纵对象............................................................................................................................................................46
2.2 所有对象都必须创建...................................................................................................................................................46
2.2.1 保存到什么地方..................................................................................................................................................... 46
2.2.2 特殊情况:主要类型............................................................................................................................................ 47
2.2.3 Java 的数组............................................................................................................................................................. 48
2.3 绝对不要清除对象.......................................................................................................................................................48
2.3.1 作用域...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
2.3.2 对象的作用域......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.4 新建数据类型:类.......................................................................................................................................................49
2.4.1 字段和方法.............................................................................................................................................................. 49
2.5 方法、自变量和返回值...............................................................................................................................................50
2.5.1 自变量列表.............................................................................................................................................................. 51
2.6 构建Java 程序...............................................................................................................................................................52
2.6.1 名字的可见性......................................................................................................................................................... 52
2.6.2 使用其他组件......................................................................................................................................................... 52
2.6.3 static 关键字............................................................................................................................................................ 52
2.7 我们的第一个Java 程序.............................................................................................................................................53
2.8 注释和嵌入文档............................................................................................................................................................55
2.8.1 注释文档.................................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.2 具体语法.................................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.3 嵌入HTML............................................................................................................................................................. 56
2.8.4 @see:引用其他类............................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.5 类文档标记.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
2.8.6 变量文档标记......................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.7 方法文档标记......................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.8.8 文档示例.................................................................................................................................................................. 58
2.9 编码样式.........................................................................................................................................................................59
2.10 总结................................................................................................................................................................................59
2.11 练习................................................................................................................................................................................59
第 3 章控制程序流程 ..............................................................................................................................................................60
3.1 使用Java 运算符..........................................................................................................................................................60
3.1.1 优先级...................................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1.2 赋值........................................................................................................................................................................... 60
3.1.3 算术运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 62
3.1.4 自动递增和递减..................................................................................................................................................... 64
3.1.5 关系运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 65
3.1.6 逻辑运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 66
3.1.7 按位运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1.8 移位运算符.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
3.1.9 三元if-else 运算符................................................................................................................................................ 71
3.1.10 逗号运算符........................................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.11 字串运算符+......................................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.12 运算符常规操作规则.......................................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.13 造型运算符........................................................................................................................................................... 73
3.1.14 Java 没有“sizeof” ............................................................................................................................................ 74
3.1.15 复习计算顺序....................................................................................................................................................... 75
3.1.16 运算符总结........................................................................................................................................................... 75
3.2 执行控制.........................................................................................................................................................................84
3.2.1 真和假...................................................................................................................................................................... 84
3.2.2 if-else........................................................................................................................................................................ 84
3.2.3 反复........................................................................................................................................................................... 85
19
3.2.4 do-while.................................................................................................................................................................... 85
3.2.5 for.............................................................................................................................................................................. 86
3.2.6 中断和继续.............................................................................................................................................................. 87
3.2.7 开关........................................................................................................................................................................... 91
3.3 总结..................................................................................................................................................................................94
3.4 练习..................................................................................................................................................................................94
第 4 章初始化和清除 ..............................................................................................................................................................95
4.1 用构建器自动初始化...................................................................................................................................................95
4.2 方法过载.........................................................................................................................................................................96
4.2.1 区分过载方法......................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.2.2 主类型的过载......................................................................................................................................................... 98
4.2.3 返回值过载............................................................................................................................................................ 101
4.2.4 默认构建器............................................................................................................................................................ 102
4.2.5 this 关键字............................................................................................................................................................. 102
4.3 清除:收尾和垃圾收集............................................................................................................................................105
4.3.1 finalize()用途何在................................................................................................................................................ 105
4.3.2 必须执行清除....................................................................................................................................................... 106
4.4 成员初始化..................................................................................................................................................................108
4.4.1 规定初始化............................................................................................................................................................ 109
4.4.2 构建器初始化....................................................................................................................................................... 111
4.5 数组初始化..................................................................................................................................................................116
4.5.1 多维数组................................................................................................................................................................ 119
4.6 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................121
4.7 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................121
第 5 章隐藏实施过程 ...........................................................................................................................................................123
5.1 包:库单元..................................................................................................................................................................123
5.1.1 创建独一无二的包名.......................................................................................................................................... 124
5.1.2 自定义工具库....................................................................................................................................................... 126
5.1.3 利用导入改变行为.............................................................................................................................................. 128
5.1.4 包的停用................................................................................................................................................................ 130
5.2 Java 访问指示符........................................................................................................................................................130
5.2.1 “友好的”............................................................................................................................................................ 130
5.2.2 public:接口访问................................................................................................................................................ 131
5.2.3 private:不能接触!........................................................................................................................................... 132
5.2.4 protected:“友好的一种”.............................................................................................................................. 133
5.3 接口与实现..................................................................................................................................................................134
5.4 类访问...........................................................................................................................................................................135
5.5 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................136
5.6 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................137
第 6 章类再生 ........................................................................................................................................................................139
6.1 合成的语法..................................................................................................................................................................139
6.2 继承的语法..................................................................................................................................................................141
6.2.1 初始化基础类....................................................................................................................................................... 143
6.3 合成与继承的结合....................................................................................................................................................145
6.3.1 确保正确的清除................................................................................................................................................... 146
6.3.2 名字的隐藏............................................................................................................................................................ 148
6.4 到底选择合成还是继承............................................................................................................................................149
6.5 protected ....................................................................................................................................................................... 150
6.6 累积开发......................................................................................................................................................................151
6.7 上溯造型......................................................................................................................................................................151
6.7.1 何谓“上溯造型”?.......................................................................................................................................... 152
6.8 final 关键字..................................................................................................................................................................152
6.8.1 final 数据................................................................................................................................................................ 152
20
6.8.2 final 方法................................................................................................................................................................ 155
6.8.3 final 类.................................................................................................................................................................... 156
6.8.4 final 的注意事项.................................................................................................................................................. 156
6.9 初始化和类装载.........................................................................................................................................................157
6.9.1 继承初始化............................................................................................................................................................ 157
6.10 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................158
6.11 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................159
第 7 章多形性 ........................................................................................................................................................................160
7.1 上溯造型......................................................................................................................................................................160
7.1.1 为什么要上溯造型.............................................................................................................................................. 161
7.2 深入理解......................................................................................................................................................................162
7.2.1 方法调用的绑定................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.2.2 产生正确的行为................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.2.3 扩展性.................................................................................................................................................................... 165
7.3 覆盖与过载..................................................................................................................................................................168
7.4 抽象类和方法.............................................................................................................................................................169
7.5 接口...............................................................................................................................................................................172
7.5.1 Java 的“多重继承”.......................................................................................................................................... 174
7.5.2 通过继承扩展接口.............................................................................................................................................. 176
7.5.3 常数分组................................................................................................................................................................ 177
7.5.4 初始化接口中的字段.......................................................................................................................................... 178
7.6 内部类...........................................................................................................................................................................179
7.6.1 内部类和上溯造型.............................................................................................................................................. 180
7.6.2 方法和作用域中的内部类................................................................................................................................. 181
7.6.3 链接到外部类....................................................................................................................................................... 186
7.6.4 static 内部类.......................................................................................................................................................... 187
7.6.5 引用外部类对象................................................................................................................................................... 189
7.6.6 从内部类继承....................................................................................................................................................... 190
7.6.7 内部类可以覆盖吗?.......................................................................................................................................... 190
7.6.8 内部类标识符....................................................................................................................................................... 192
7.6.9 为什么要用内部类:控制框架......................................................................................................................... 192
7.7 构建器和多形性.........................................................................................................................................................198
7.7.1 构建器的调用顺序.............................................................................................................................................. 198
7.7.2 继承和finalize() ................................................................................................................................................... 199
7.7.3 构建器内部的多形性方法的行为.................................................................................................................... 202
7.8 通过继承进行设计....................................................................................................................................................204
7.8.1 纯继承与扩展....................................................................................................................................................... 205
7.8.2 下溯造型与运行期类型标识............................................................................................................................. 206
7.9 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................208
7.10 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................208
第 8 章对象的容纳 ................................................................................................................................................................209
8.1 数组...............................................................................................................................................................................209
8.1.1 数组和第一类对象.............................................................................................................................................. 209
8.1.2 数组的返回............................................................................................................................................................ 212
8.2 集合...............................................................................................................................................................................213
8.2.1 缺点:类型未知................................................................................................................................................... 213
8.3 枚举器(反复器) ....................................................................................................................................................217
8.4 集合的类型..................................................................................................................................................................220
8.4.1 Vector..................................................................................................................................................................... 220
8.4.2 BitSet...................................................................................................................................................................... 221
8.4.3 Stack ....................................................................................................................................................................... 222
8.4.4 Hashtable................................................................................................................................................................223
8.4.5 再论枚举器............................................................................................................................................................ 228
21
8.5 排序...............................................................................................................................................................................229
8.6 通用集合库..................................................................................................................................................................232
8.7 新集合...........................................................................................................................................................................233
8.7.1 使用Collections................................................................................................................................................... 235
8.7.2 使用Lists............................................................................................................................................................... 238
8.7.3 使用Sets ................................................................................................................................................................ 242
8.7.4 使用Maps.............................................................................................................................................................. 244
8.7.5 决定实施方案....................................................................................................................................................... 247
8.7.6 未支持的操作....................................................................................................................................................... 253
8.7.7 排序和搜索............................................................................................................................................................ 255
8.7.8 实用工具................................................................................................................................................................ 259
8.8 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................261
8.9 练习...............................................................................................................................................................................262
第 9 章违例差错控制 ...........................................................................................................................................................263
9.1 基本违例......................................................................................................................................................................263
9.1.1 违例自变量............................................................................................................................................................ 264
9.2 违例的捕获..................................................................................................................................................................264
9.2.1 try 块....................................................................................................................................................................... 264
9.2.2 违例控制器............................................................................................................................................................ 265
9.2.3 违例规范................................................................................................................................................................ 265
9.2.4 捕获所有违例....................................................................................................................................................... 266
9.2.5 重新“掷”出违例.............................................................................................................................................. 267
9.3 标准 Java 违例............................................................................................................................................................ 270
9.3.1 RuntimeException 的特殊情况......................................................................................................................... 270
9.4 创建自己的违例.........................................................................................................................................................271
9.5 违例的限制..................................................................................................................................................................274
9.6 用finally 清除.............................................................................................................................................................276
9.6.1 用finally 做什么.................................................................................................................................................. 277
9.6.2 缺点:丢失的违例.............................................................................................................................................. 279
9.7 构建器...........................................................................................................................................................................280
9.8 违例匹配......................................................................................................................................................................283
9.8.1 违例准则................................................................................................................................................................ 284
9.9 总结...............................................................................................................................................................................284
9.10 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................284
第 10 章JAVA IO 系统.........................................................................................................................................................285
10.1 输入和输出................................................................................................................................................................285
10.1.1 InputStream的类型........................................................................................................................................... 285
10.1.2 OutputStream的类型........................................................................................................................................ 286
10.2 增添属性和有用的接口.........................................................................................................................................286
10.2.1 通过FilterInputStream 从InputStream里读入数据................................................................................... 287
10.2.2 通过FilterOutputStream 向OutputStream 里写入数据............................................................................. 287
10.3 本身的缺陷:RandomAccessFile.........................................................................................................................288
10.4 File 类.........................................................................................................................................................................288
10.4.1 目录列表器......................................................................................................................................................... 288
10.4.2 检查与创建目录.................................................................................................................................................292
10.5 IO 流的典型应用......................................................................................................................................................294
10.5.1 输入流.................................................................................................................................................................. 296
10.5.2 输出流.................................................................................................................................................................. 298
10.5.3 快捷文件处理..................................................................................................................................................... 298
10.5.4 从标准输入中读取数据.................................................................................................................................... 300
10.5.5 管道数据流......................................................................................................................................................... 300
10.6 StreamTokenizer........................................................................................................................................................300
22
10.6.1 StringTokenizer .................................................................................................................................................. 303
10.7 Java 1.1 的IO 流......................................................................................................................................................305
10.7.1 数据的发起与接收............................................................................................................................................ 305
10.7.2 修改数据流的行为............................................................................................................................................ 306
10.7.3 未改变的类......................................................................................................................................................... 306
10.7.4 一个例子.............................................................................................................................................................. 307
10.7.5 重导向标准IO.................................................................................................................................................... 310
10.8 压缩.............................................................................................................................................................................311
10.8.1 用GZIP 进行简单压缩..................................................................................................................................... 311
10.8.2 用Zip 进行多文件保存.................................................................................................................................... 312
10.8.3 Java 归档(jar)实用程序............................................................................................................................... 314
10.9 对象序列化................................................................................................................................................................315
10.9.1 寻找类.................................................................................................................................................................. 318
10.9.2 序列化的控制..................................................................................................................................................... 319
10.9.3 利用“持久性”.................................................................................................................................................326
10.10 总结...........................................................................................................................................................................332
10.11 练习...........................................................................................................................................................................332
第 11 章运行期类型鉴定.....................................................................................................................................................333
11.1 对RTTI 的需要.........................................................................................................................................................333
11.1.1 Class 对象............................................................................................................................................................ 334
11.1.2 造型前的检查..................................................................................................................................................... 337
11.2 RTTI 语法...................................................................................................................................................................342
11.3 反射:运行期类信息..............................................................................................................................................343
11.3.1 一个类方法提取器............................................................................................................................................ 344
11.4 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................347
11.5 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................348
第 12 章传递和返回对象.....................................................................................................................................................349
12.1 传递句柄....................................................................................................................................................................349
12.1.1 别名问题.............................................................................................................................................................. 349
12.2 制作本地副本...........................................................................................................................................................351
12.2.1 按值传递.............................................................................................................................................................. 351
12.2.2 克隆对象.............................................................................................................................................................. 352
12.2.3 使类具有克隆能力............................................................................................................................................ 353
12.2.4 成功的克隆......................................................................................................................................................... 353
12.2.5 Object.clone()的效果........................................................................................................................................ 355
12.2.6 克隆合成对象..................................................................................................................................................... 356
12.2.7 用Vector 进行深层复制................................................................................................................................... 358
12.2.8 通过序列化进行深层复制............................................................................................................................... 359
12.2.9 使克隆具有更大的深度.................................................................................................................................... 361
12.2.10 为什么有这个奇怪的设计............................................................................................................................. 362
12.3 克隆的控制................................................................................................................................................................363
12.3.1 副本构建器......................................................................................................................................................... 366
12.4 只读类........................................................................................................................................................................369
12.4.1 创建只读类......................................................................................................................................................... 370
12.4.2 “一成不变”的弊端........................................................................................................................................ 371
12.4.3 不变字串.............................................................................................................................................................. 373
12.4.4 String 和StringBuffer 类.................................................................................................................................. 374
12.4.5 字串的特殊性..................................................................................................................................................... 376
12.5 总结.............................................................................................................................................................................376
12.6 练习.............................................................................................................................................................................376
第十三 章创建窗口和程序片 ..............................................................................................................................................378
13.1 为何要用AWT ?......................................................................................................................................................378
23
13.2 基本程序片................................................................................................................................................................379
13.2.1 程序片的测试..................................................................................................................................................... 380
13.2.2 一个更图形化的例子........................................................................................................................................ 381
13.2.3 框架方法的演示.................................................................................................................................................381
13.3 制作按钮....................................................................................................................................................................382
13.4 捕获事件....................................................................................................................................................................382
13.5 文本字段....................................................................................................................................................................384
13.6 文本区域....................................................................................................................................................................385
13.7 标签.............................................................................................................................................................................386
13.8 复选框........................................................................................................................................................................387
13.9 单选钮........................................................................................................................................................................388
13.10 下拉列表..................................................................................................................................................................389
13.11 列表框......................................................................................................................................................................390
13.11.1 handleEvent() .................................................................................................................................................... 391
13.12 布局的控制.............................................................................................................................................................393
13.12.1 FlowLayout....................................................................................................................................................... 393
13.12.2 BorderLayout .................................................................................................................................................... 393
13.12.3 GridLayout........................................................................................................................................................ 394
13.12.4 CardLayout........................................................................................................................................................ 394
13.12.5 GridBagLayout.................................................................................................................................................396
13.13 action 的替代品......................................................................................................................................................396
13.14 程序片的局限.........................................................................................................................................................400
13.14.1 程序片的优点................................................................................................................................................... 401
13.15 视窗化应用.............................................................................................................................................................401
13.15.1 菜单.................................................................................................................................................................... 401
13.15.2 对话框................................................................................................................................................................ 404
13.16 新型AWT ................................................................................................................................................................. 408
13.16.1 新的事件模型................................................................................................................................................... 409
13.16.2 事件和接收者类型.......................................................................................................................................... 410
13.16.3 用Java 1.1 AWT制作窗口和程序片.......................................................................................................... 414
13.16.4 再研究一下以前的例子................................................................................................................................. 416
13.16.5 动态绑定事件................................................................................................................................................... 431
13.16.6 将事务逻辑与UI 逻辑区分开...................................................................................................................... 433
13.16.7 推荐编码方法................................................................................................................................................... 435
13.17 Java 1.1 用户接口API..........................................................................................................................................448
13.17.1 桌面颜色........................................................................................................................................................... 448
13.17.2 打印.................................................................................................................................................................... 448
13.17.3 剪贴板................................................................................................................................................................ 454
13.18 可视编程和Beans.................................................................................................................................................456
13.18.1 什么是Bean...................................................................................................................................................... 457
13.18.2 用Introspector 提取BeanInfo....................................................................................................................... 458
13.18.3 一个更复杂的Bean ........................................................................................................................................ 463
13.18.4 Bean 的封装...................................................................................................................................................... 465
13.18.5 更复杂的Bean 支持........................................................................................................................................ 466
13.18.6 Bean 更多的知识............................................................................................................................................. 466
13.19 Swing 入门(注释⑦).........................................................................................................................................467
13.19.1 Swing 有哪些优点........................................................................................................................................... 467
13.19.2 方便的转换....................................................................................................................................................... 467
13.19.3 显示框架........................................................................................................................................................... 468
13.19.4 工具提示..............................................................................................................
2014-03-25
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