The GNU C Library-CSDN博客

The GNU C Library

Introduction
Getting Started
Standards and Portability
ANSI C
POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)
Berkeley Unix
SVID (The System V Interface Description)
Using the Library
Header Files
Macro Definitions of Functions
Reserved Names
Feature Test Macros
Roadmap to the Manual
Error Reporting
Checking for Errors
Error Codes
Error Messages
Memory Allocation
Dynamic Memory Allocation Concepts
Dynamic Allocation and C
Unconstrained Allocation
Basic Storage Allocation
Examples of malloc
Freeing Memory Allocated with malloc
Changing the Size of a Block
Allocating Cleared Space
Efficiency Considerations for malloc
Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks
Heap Consistency Checking
Storage Allocation Hooks
Statistics for Storage Allocation with malloc
Summary of malloc-Related Functions
Obstacks
Creating Obstacks
Preparing for Using Obstacks
Allocation in an Obstack
Freeing Objects in an Obstack
Obstack Functions and Macros
Growing Objects
Extra Fast Growing Objects
Status of an Obstack
Alignment of Data in Obstacks
Obstack Chunks
Summary of Obstack Functions
Automatic Storage with Variable Size
alloca Example
Advantages of alloca
Disadvantages of alloca
GNU C Variable-Size Arrays
Relocating Allocator
Concepts of Relocating Allocation
Allocating and Freeing Relocatable Blocks
Memory Usage Warnings
Character Handling
Classification of Characters
Case Conversion
String and Array Utilities
Representation of Strings
String/Array Conventions
String Length
Copying and Concatenation
String/Array Comparison
Collation Functions
Search Functions
Finding Tokens in a String
Extended Characters
Introduction to Extended Characters
Locales and Extended Characters
Multibyte Characters
Wide Character Introduction
Conversion of Extended Strings
Multibyte Character Length
Conversion of Extended Characters One by One
Example of Character-by-Character Conversion
Multibyte Codes Using Shift Sequences
Locales and Internationalization
What Effects a Locale Has
Choosing a Locale
Categories of Activities that Locales Affect
How Programs Set the Locale
Standard Locales
Numeric Formatting
Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters
Printing the Currency Symbol
Printing the Sign of an Amount of Money
Searching and Sorting
Defining the Comparison Function
Array Search Function
Array Sort Function
Searching and Sorting Example
Pattern Matching
Wildcard Matching
Globbing
Calling glob
Flags for Globbing
Regular Expression Matching
POSIX Regular Expression Compilation
Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions
Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression
Subexpressions Match Results
Complications in Subexpression Matching
POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup
Shell-Style Word Expansion
The Stages of Word Expansion
Calling wordexp
Flags for Word Expansion
wordexp Example
Input/Output Overview
Input/Output Concepts
Streams and File Descriptors
File Position
File Names
Directories
File Name Resolution
File Name Errors
Portability of File Names
Input/Output on Streams
Streams
Standard Streams
Opening Streams
Closing Streams
Simple Output by Characters or Lines
Character Input
Line-Oriented Input
Unreading
What Unreading Means
Using ungetc To Do Unreading
Formatted Output
Formatted Output Basics
Output Conversion Syntax
Table of Output Conversions
Integer Conversions
Floating-Point Conversions
Other Output Conversions
Formatted Output Functions
Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output
Variable Arguments Output Functions
Parsing a Template String
Example of Parsing a Template String
Customizing printf
Registering New Conversions
Conversion Specifier Options
Defining the Output Handler
printf Extension Example
Formatted Input
Formatted Input Basics
Input Conversion Syntax
Table of Input Conversions
Numeric Input Conversions
String Input Conversions
Dynamically Allocating String Conversions
Other Input Conversions
Formatted Input Functions
Variable Arguments Input Functions
Block Input/Output
End-Of-File and Errors
Text and Binary Streams
File Positioning
Portable File-Position Functions
Stream Buffering
Buffering Concepts
Flushing Buffers
Controlling Which Kind of Buffering
Temporary Files
Other Kinds of Streams
String Streams
Obstack Streams
Programming Your Own Custom Streams
Custom Streams and Cookies
Custom Stream Hook Functions
Low-Level Input/Output
Opening and Closing Files
Input and Output Primitives
Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
Descriptors and Streams
Precautions for Mixing Streams and Descriptors
Linked Channels
Independent Channels
Cleaning Streams
Waiting for Input or Output
Control Operations on Files
Duplicating Descriptors
File Descriptor Flags
File Status Flags
File Locks
Interrupt-Driven Input
File System Interface
Working Directory
Accessing Directories
Format of a Directory Entry
Opening a Directory Stream
Reading and Closing a Directory Stream
Simple Program to List a Directory
Random Access in a Directory Stream
Hard Links
Symbolic Links
Deleting Files
Renaming Files
Creating Directories
File Attributes
What the File Attribute Values Mean
Reading the Attributes of a File
Testing the Type of a File
File Owner
The Mode Bits for Access Permission
How Your Access to a File is Decided
Assigning File Permissions
Testing Permission to Access a File
File Times
Making Special Files
Pipes and FIFOs
Creating a Pipe
Pipe to a Subprocess
FIFO Special Files
Atomicity of Pipe I/O
Sockets
Socket Concepts
Communication Styles
Socket Addresses
Address Formats
Setting a Socket's Address
Reading a Socket's Address
The File Namespace
File Namespace Concepts
Details of File Namespace
Example of File-Namespace Sockets
The Internet Namespace
Internet Socket Address Format
Host Addresses
Internet Host Addresses
Host Address Data Type
Host Address Functions
Host Names
Internet Ports
The Services Database
Byte Order Conversion
Protocols Database
Internet Socket Example
Other Namespaces
Opening and Closing Sockets
Creating a Socket
Closing a Socket
Socket Pairs
Using Sockets with Connections
Making a Connection
Listening for Connections
Accepting Connections
Who is Connected to Me?
Transferring Data
Sending Data
Receiving Data
Socket Data Options
Byte Stream Socket Example
Byte Stream Connection Server Example
Out-of-Band Data
Datagram Socket Operations
Sending Datagrams
Receiving Datagrams
Datagram Socket Example
Example of Reading Datagrams
The inetd Daemon
inetd Servers
Configuring inetd
Socket Options
Socket Option Functions
Socket-Level Options
Networks Database
Low-Level Terminal Interface
Identifying Terminals
I/O Queues
Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not
Terminal Modes
Terminal Mode Data Types
Terminal Mode Functions
Setting Terminal Modes Properly
Input Modes
Output Modes
Control Modes
Local Modes
Line Speed
Special Characters
Characters for Input Editing
BSD Extensions to Editing Characters
Characters that Cause Signals
Special Characters for Flow Control
Other Special Characters
Noncanonical Input
Line Control Functions
Noncanonical Mode Example
Mathematics
Domain and Range Errors
Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Exponentiation and Logarithms
Hyperbolic Functions
Pseudo-Random Numbers
ANSI C Random Number Functions
BSD Random Number Functions
Low-Level Arithmetic Functions
"Not a Number" Values
Predicates on Floats
Absolute Value
Normalization Functions
Rounding and Remainder Functions
Integer Division
Parsing of Numbers
Parsing of Integers
Parsing of Floats
Date and Time
Processor Time
Basic CPU Time Inquiry
Detailed Elapsed CPU Time Inquiry
Calendar Time
Simple Calendar Time
High-Resolution Calendar
Broken-down Time
Formatting Date and Time
Specifying the Time Zone with TZ
Functions and Variables for Time Zones
Time Functions Example
Setting an Alarm
Sleeping
Resource Usage
Limiting Resource Usage
Process Priority
Non-Local Exits
Introduction to Non-Local Exits
Details of Non-Local Exits
Non-Local Exits and Signals
Signal Handling
Basic Concepts of Signals
Some Kinds of Signals
Concepts of Signal Generation
How Signals Are Delivered
Standard Signals
Program Error Signals
Termination Signals
Alarm Signals
Asynchronous I/O Signals
Job Control Signals
Miscellaneous Signals
Nonstandard Signals
Signal Messages
Specifying Signal Actions
Basic Signal Handling
Advanced Signal Handling
Interaction of signal and sigaction
sigaction Function Example
Flags for sigaction
Initial Signal Actions
Defining Signal Handlers
Signal Handlers That Return
Handlers That Terminate the Process
Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers
Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs
Signals Close Together Merge into One
Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions
Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling
Example of Problems with Non-Atomic Access
Atomic Types
Atomic Usage Patterns
Primitives Interrupted by Signals
Generating Signals
Signaling Yourself
Signaling Another Process
Permission for using kill
Using kill for Communication
Blocking Signals
Why Blocking Signals is Useful
Signal Sets
Process Signal Mask
Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal
Blocking Signals for a Handler
Checking for Pending Signals
Remembering a Signal to Act On Later
Waiting for a Signal
Using pause
Problems with pause
Using sigsuspend
BSD Signal Handling
POSIX and BSD Signal Facilities
BSD Function to Establish a Handler
BSD Functions for Blocking Signals
Using a Separate Signal Stack
Process Startup and Termination
Program Arguments
Program Argument Syntax Conventions
Parsing Program Options
Example of Parsing Arguments with getopt
Parsing Long Options
Example of Parsing Long Options
Environment Variables
Environment Access
Standard Environment Variables
Program Termination
Normal Termination
Exit Status
Cleanups on Exit
Aborting a Program
Termination Internals
Child Processes
Running a Command
Process Creation Concepts
Process Identification
Creating a Process
Executing a File
Process Completion
Process Completion Status
BSD Process Wait Functions
Process Creation Example
Job Control
Concepts of Job Control
Job Control is Optional
Controlling Terminal of a Process
Access to the Controlling Terminal
Orphaned Process Groups
Implementing a Job Control Shell
Data Structures for the Shell
Initializing the Shell
Launching Jobs
Foreground and Background
Stopped and Terminated Jobs
Continuing Stopped Jobs
The Missing Pieces
Functions for Job Control
Identifying the Controlling Terminal
Process Group Functions
Functions for Controlling Terminal Access
Users and Groups
User and Group IDs
The Persona of a Process
Why Change the Persona of a Process?
How an Application Can Change Persona
Reading the Persona of a Process
Setting the User ID
Setting the Group IDs
Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access
Setuid Program Example
Tips for Writing Setuid Programs
Identifying Who Logged In
User Database
The Data Structure that Describes a User
Looking Up One User
Scanning the List of All Users
Writing a User Entry
Group Database
The Data Structure for a Group
Looking Up One Group
Scanning the List of All Groups
User and Group Database Example
System Information
Host Identification
Hardware/Software Type Identification
System Configuration Parameters
General Capacity Limits
Overall System Options
Which Version of POSIX is Supported
Using sysconf
Definition of sysconf
Constants for sysconf Parameters
Examples of sysconf
Minimum Values for General Capacity Limits
Limits on File System Capacity
Optional Features in File Support
Minimum Values for File System Limits
Using pathconf
Utility Program Capacity Limits
Minimum Values for Utility Limits
String-Valued Parameters
C Language Facilities Implemented By the Library
Explicitly Checking Internal Consistency
Variadic Functions
Why Variadic Functions are Used
How Variadic Functions are Defined and Used
Syntax for Variable Arguments
Receiving the Argument Values
How Many Arguments Were Supplied
Calling Variadic Functions
Argument Access Macros
Example of a Variadic Function
Old-Style Variadic Functions
Null Pointer Constant
Important Data Types
Data Type Measurements
Computing the Width of an Integer Data Type
Range of an Integer Type
Floating Type Macros
Floating Point Representation Concepts
Floating Point Parameters
IEEE Floating Point
Structure Field Offset Measurement
Summary of Library Facilities
Library Maintenance
How to Install the GNU C Library
Reporting Bugs
Adding New Functions
Porting the GNU C Library
The Layout of the `sysdeps' Directory Hierarchy
Porting the GNU C Library to Unix Systems
Contributors to the GNU C Library
GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Preamble
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries
Concept Index
Type Index
Function and Macro Index
Variable and Constant Macro Index
Program and File Index