ARP协议之扫盲篇

1，物理地址与网络地址

在ARP的背后有一个基本概念，那就是没一个网络接口有一个唯一的物理地址，在硬件层次上进行数据帧的交换时必须有正确的物理地址。

3，以太网数据包的递交

在第3章的时候讲解网卡驱动的时候涉及到数据包接收函数ethernetif_input，这个函数是源码作者提供的一个以太网数据包接收和递交函数。它的功能是调用底层的接收函数LOW_LEVEL_INPUT读取网卡中的数据包，然后在将数据包递交给相应的上层处理。这个函数很简单。

void ethernetif_input(void *pParams)
{
  struct netif *netif;
	struct pbuf *p = NULL;
	netif = (struct netif*) pParams;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, ("ethernetif_input: IP input error\n"));

  while(1) 
  { //获取信号量来判断是否有数据传入系统
    if(xSemaphoreTake( s_xSemaphore, portMAX_DELAY ) == pdTRUE)
    {
      /* move received packet into a new pbuf */
      taskENTER_CRITICAL();
      p = low_level_input(netif);
      taskEXIT_CRITICAL();
      /* points to packet payload, which starts with an Ethernet header */
      if(p != NULL)
      {
        taskENTER_CRITICAL();
        /* full packet send to tcpip_thread to process */
        if (netif->input(p, netif) != ERR_OK)
        {
          LWIP_DEBUGF(NETIF_DEBUG, ("ethernetif_input: IP input error\n"));
          pbuf_free(p);
          p = NULL;
        }
        taskEXIT_CRITICAL();
      }
    }
	}
}

可以看到，其实啥都没看，最终是调用回到函数ethernet_input函数来进行处理的

err_t
ethernet_input(struct pbuf *p, struct netif *netif)
{
  struct eth_hdr *ethhdr;
  u16_t type;
#if LWIP_ARP || ETHARP_SUPPORT_VLAN || LWIP_IPV6
  u16_t next_hdr_offset = SIZEOF_ETH_HDR;
#endif /* LWIP_ARP || ETHARP_SUPPORT_VLAN */

  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();

  if (p->len <= SIZEOF_ETH_HDR) {
    /* a packet with only an ethernet header (or less) is not valid for us */
    ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.proterr);
    ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.drop);
    MIB2_STATS_NETIF_INC(netif, ifinerrors);
    goto free_and_return;
  }

  if (p->if_idx == NETIF_NO_INDEX) {
    p->if_idx = netif_get_index(netif);
  }

  /* points to packet payload, which starts with an Ethernet header */
  ethhdr = (struct eth_hdr *)p->payload;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE,
              ("ethernet_input: dest:%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F", src:%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F":%"X8_F", type:%"X16_F"\n",
               (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[0], (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[1], (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[2],
               (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[3], (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[4], (unsigned char)ethhdr->dest.addr[5],
               (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[0],  (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[1],  (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[2],
               (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[3],  (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[4],  (unsigned char)ethhdr->src.addr[5],
               lwip_htons(ethhdr->type)));

  type = ethhdr->type;
#if ETHARP_SUPPORT_VLAN
  if (type == PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_VLAN)) {
    struct eth_vlan_hdr *vlan = (struct eth_vlan_hdr *)(((char *)ethhdr) + SIZEOF_ETH_HDR);
    next_hdr_offset = SIZEOF_ETH_HDR + SIZEOF_VLAN_HDR;
    if (p->len <= SIZEOF_ETH_HDR + SIZEOF_VLAN_HDR) {
      /* a packet with only an ethernet/vlan header (or less) is not valid for us */
      ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.proterr);
      ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.drop);
      MIB2_STATS_NETIF_INC(netif, ifinerrors);
      goto free_and_return;
    }
#if defined(LWIP_HOOK_VLAN_CHECK) || defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK) || defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK_FN) /* if not, allow all VLANs */
#ifdef LWIP_HOOK_VLAN_CHECK
    if (!LWIP_HOOK_VLAN_CHECK(netif, ethhdr, vlan)) {
#elif defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK_FN)
    if (!ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK_FN(ethhdr, vlan)) {
#elif defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK)
    if (VLAN_ID(vlan) != ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK) {
#endif
      /* silently ignore this packet: not for our VLAN */
      pbuf_free(p);
      return ERR_OK;
    }
#endif /* defined(LWIP_HOOK_VLAN_CHECK) || defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK) || defined(ETHARP_VLAN_CHECK_FN) */
    type = vlan->tpid;
  }
#endif /* ETHARP_SUPPORT_VLAN */

#if LWIP_ARP_FILTER_NETIF
  netif = LWIP_ARP_FILTER_NETIF_FN(p, netif, lwip_htons(type));
#endif /* LWIP_ARP_FILTER_NETIF*/

  if (ethhdr->dest.addr[0] & 1) {
    /* this might be a multicast or broadcast packet */
    if (ethhdr->dest.addr[0] == LL_IP4_MULTICAST_ADDR_0) {
#if LWIP_IPV4
      if ((ethhdr->dest.addr[1] == LL_IP4_MULTICAST_ADDR_1) &&
          (ethhdr->dest.addr[2] == LL_IP4_MULTICAST_ADDR_2)) {
        /* mark the pbuf as link-layer multicast */
        p->flags |= PBUF_FLAG_LLMCAST;
      }
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 */
    }
#if LWIP_IPV6
    else if ((ethhdr->dest.addr[0] == LL_IP6_MULTICAST_ADDR_0) &&
             (ethhdr->dest.addr[1] == LL_IP6_MULTICAST_ADDR_1)) {
      /* mark the pbuf as link-layer multicast */
      p->flags |= PBUF_FLAG_LLMCAST;
    }
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */
    else if (eth_addr_cmp(&ethhdr->dest, &ethbroadcast)) {
      /* mark the pbuf as link-layer broadcast */
      p->flags |= PBUF_FLAG_LLBCAST;
    }
  }

  switch (type) {
#if LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_ARP
    /* IP packet? */
    case PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_IP):
      if (!(netif->flags & NETIF_FLAG_ETHARP)) {
        goto free_and_return;
      }
      /* skip Ethernet header (min. size checked above) */
      if (pbuf_remove_header(p, next_hdr_offset)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING,
                    ("ethernet_input: IPv4 packet dropped, too short (%"U16_F"/%"U16_F")\n",
                     p->tot_len, next_hdr_offset));
        LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("Can't move over header in packet"));
        goto free_and_return;
      } else {
        /* pass to IP layer */
        ip4_input(p, netif);
      }
      break;

    case PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_ARP):
      if (!(netif->flags & NETIF_FLAG_ETHARP)) {
        goto free_and_return;
      }
      /* skip Ethernet header (min. size checked above) */
      if (pbuf_remove_header(p, next_hdr_offset)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING,
                    ("ethernet_input: ARP response packet dropped, too short (%"U16_F"/%"U16_F")\n",
                     p->tot_len, next_hdr_offset));
        LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("Can't move over header in packet"));
        ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.lenerr);
        ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.drop);
        goto free_and_return;
      } else {
        /* pass p to ARP module */
        etharp_input(p, netif);
      }
      break;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_ARP */
#if PPPOE_SUPPORT
    case PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_PPPOEDISC): /* PPP Over Ethernet Discovery Stage */
      pppoe_disc_input(netif, p);
      break;

    case PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_PPPOE): /* PPP Over Ethernet Session Stage */
      pppoe_data_input(netif, p);
      break;
#endif /* PPPOE_SUPPORT */

#if LWIP_IPV6
    case PP_HTONS(ETHTYPE_IPV6): /* IPv6 */
      /* skip Ethernet header */
      if ((p->len < next_hdr_offset) || pbuf_remove_header(p, next_hdr_offset)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(ETHARP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING,
                    ("ethernet_input: IPv6 packet dropped, too short (%"U16_F"/%"U16_F")\n",
                     p->tot_len, next_hdr_offset));
        goto free_and_return;
      } else {
        /* pass to IPv6 layer */
        ip6_input(p, netif);
      }
      break;
#endif /* LWIP_IPV6 */

    default:
#ifdef LWIP_HOOK_UNKNOWN_ETH_PROTOCOL
      if (LWIP_HOOK_UNKNOWN_ETH_PROTOCOL(p, netif) == ERR_OK) {
        break;
      }
#endif
      ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.proterr);
      ETHARP_STATS_INC(etharp.drop);
      MIB2_STATS_NETIF_INC(netif, ifinunknownprotos);
      goto free_and_return;
  }

  /* This means the pbuf is freed or consumed,
     so the caller doesn't have to free it again */
  return ERR_OK;

free_and_return:
  pbuf_free(p);
  return ERR_OK;
}

ethernet_input函数也是根据是ARP包还是IP包有不同的处理函数，当以太网中的数据受到的是ARP包的时候就调用etharp_input，当时IP包的时候就调用ip4_input

 

 

MTU的意思是最大传输单元，

 

IP数据报接收（嵌入式互联网那些事，参照)

所有传输给协议栈上层的数据报都要经过ip_input，来分析下它应该实现的功能。