Java对象容器(转)

Java对象容器

 

范型和类型安全容器

  因为数组是固定大小的,不能符合程序原型时的动态元素的管理,因此Java提供了一系列的容器对象。在读取一般的数组或者集合,例如ArrayList的用法,非常简单,但是在添加元素到集合的时候并没有检查所有的元素类型是否相同,这样做的后果就是在取出元素的时候会出现错误,而且是运行时错误,如下:

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//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics.java
// Simple container example (produces compiler warnings).
// {ThrowsException}
import java.util.*;
class Apple {
  private static long counter;
  private final long id = counter++;
  public long id() { return id; }
}
class Orange {}
public class ApplesAndOrangesWithoutGenerics {
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList apples = new ArrayList();
    for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
      apples.add(new Apple());
      // Not prevented from adding an Orange to apples:
    apples.add(new Orange());
    for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++)
      ((Apple)apples.get(i)).id();
      // Orange is detected only at run time
  }
} /* (Execute to see output) *///:~
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  于是我们可以使用范型来保证类型的安全,使得添加的元素属于同一种数据类型,避免了读取元素时候的元素类型不安全的问题,关于范型的用法如下:

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//: holding/ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics.java
import java.util.*;
public class ApplesAndOrangesWithGenerics {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>();
    for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
      apples.add(new Apple());
    // Compile-time error:
    // apples.add(new Orange());
    for(int i = 0; i < apples.size(); i++)
      System.out.println(apples.get(i).id());
    // Using foreach:
    for(Apple c : apples)
      System.out.println(c.id());
  }
} /* Output:
0
1
2
0
1
2
*///:~
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如果上塑类型统一,那么也可以将范型对应类型的子类型上塑添加到范型数组中

基本概念

  Java的容器类分为两类:Collection,一系列元素,其中List中的元素按照插入的顺序进行排列;Set中不能有重复的元素;Queue按照先进先出的顺序进行数组的添加和读取。Map,一系列的键值集合,ArrayList使用数字下表进行元素读取,因此从一定意义上来说也是一种键值集合;map允许通过一种对象来查找另一种对象。Maps是一个非常有力的编程工具。

  在使用的时候通常是与这些集合的接口的进行交互,而在创建对象的时候才会去使用具体的类型,如List<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>();

添加一组元素

   在Arrays和Collections中有添加一组元素的方法,Collection.Arrays.asList()可以将一个数组或者逗号分开的一列元素转换为List对象。Collections.addAll()将一个Collection对象或者一个数组或者一系列用都好分开的元素添加到Collection当中。如下面的例子:

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//: holding/AddingGroups.java
// Adding groups of elements to Collection objects.
import java.util.*;
public class AddingGroups {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection<Integer> collection =new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
    Integer[] moreInts = { 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
    collection.addAll(Arrays.asList(moreInts));
    // Runs significantly faster, but you can’t
    // construct a Collection this way:
    Collections.addAll(collection, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15);
    Collections.addAll(collection, moreInts);
    // Produces a list "backed by" an array:
    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(16, 17, 18, 19, 20);
    list.set(1, 99); // OK -- modify an element
    // list.add(21); // Runtime error because the
    // underlying array cannot be resized.
  }
} ///:~
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Collection的构造器可以接收Collection对象来初始化自己,但是Collections.addAll运行速度更快,因此更推荐使用默认构造器创建Collection然后再调用Collections.addAll()。Collection.addAll方法只能接受Collection对象作为参数,但是Array.asList或者Collections.addAll()使用的是参数列表。可以直接使用Arrays.asList,将得到的对象作为List使用,但是底层仍然是作为数组来表示的,当你试图添加或者删除元素的时候,实际上是要试图改变数组的大小,因此会得到一个Unsuported Operation运行时错误。

  Arrays.asList的一个缺陷就是他对传入的类型做最好的猜测,而不管你指定的类型如何,有时候这样会产生错误,如下:

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//: holding/AsListInference.java
// Arrays.asList() makes its best guess about type.
import java.util.*;
class Snow {}
class Powder extends Snow {}
class Light extends Powder {}
class Heavy extends Powder {}
class Crusty extends Snow {}
class Slush extends Snow {}

public class AsListInference {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<Snow> snow1 = Arrays.asList(new Crusty(), new Slush(), new Powder());
    //Won’t compile:
    //List<Snow> snow2 = Arrays.asList(new Light(), new Heavy());
    //Compiler says:
    //found: java.util.List<Powder>
    //required: java.util.List<Snow>
    // Collections.addAll() doesn’t get confused:
    List<Snow> snow3 = new ArrayList<Snow>();
    Collections.addAll(snow3, new Light(), new Heavy());
    // Give a hint using an explicit type argument specification:
    List<Snow> snow4 = Arrays.<Snow>asList(new Light(), new Heavy());
  }
} ///:~
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容器打印

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//: holding/PrintingContainers.java
// Containers print themselves automatically.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class PrintingContainers {
  static Collection fill(Collection<String> collection) {
    collection.add("rat");
    collection.add("cat");
    collection.add("dog");
    collection.add("dog");
    return collection;
  }
  static Map fill(Map<String,String> map) {
    map.put("rat", "Fuzzy");
    map.put("cat", "Rags");
    map.put("dog", "Bosco");
    map.put("dog", "Spot");
    return map;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print(fill(new ArrayList<String>()));
    print(fill(new LinkedList<String>()));
    print(fill(new HashSet<String>()));
    print(fill(new TreeSet<String>()));
    print(fill(new LinkedHashSet<String>()));
    print(fill(new HashMap<String,String>()));
    print(fill(new TreeMap<String,String>()));
    print(fill(new LinkedHashMap<String,String>()));
  }
} /* Output:
[rat, cat, dog, dog]
[rat, cat, dog, dog]
[dog, cat, rat]
Holding Your Objects
281 
[cat, dog, rat]
[rat, cat, dog]
{dog=Spot, cat=Rags, rat=Fuzzy}
{cat=Rags, dog=Spot, rat=Fuzzy}
{rat=Fuzzy, cat=Rags, dog=Spot}
*///:~
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List

  List按照添加的顺序存放元素,List接口比Collection接口增加了允许插入和删除的方法,List有两种,ArrayList随机获取数据较快,但是在插入和一出元素的时候较慢;LinkedList用来顺序获取元素,插入和移除元素较快,但是随机获取元素较慢,但是比ArrayList有更多的特性:  

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//: holding/ListFeatures.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ListFeatures {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(7);
    print("1: " + pets);
    Hamster h = new Hamster();
    pets.add(h); // Automatically resizes
    print("2: " + pets);
    print("3: " + pets.contains(h));
    pets.remove(h); // Remove by object
    Pet p = pets.get(2);
    print("4: " + p + " " + pets.indexOf(p));
    Pet cymric = new Cymric();
    print("5: " + pets.indexOf(cymric));
    print("6: " + pets.remove(cymric));
    // Must be the exact object:
    print("7: " + pets.remove(p));
    print("8: " + pets);
    pets.add(3, new Mouse()); // Insert at an index 
    print("9: " + pets);
    List<Pet> sub = pets.subList(1, 4);
    print("subList: " + sub);
    print("10: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    Collections.sort(sub); // In-place sort
    print("sorted subList: " + sub);
    // Order is not important in containsAll():
    print("11: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    Collections.shuffle(sub, rand); // Mix it up
    print("shuffled subList: " + sub);
    print("12: " + pets.containsAll(sub));
    List<Pet> copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets);
    sub = Arrays.asList(pets.get(1), pets.get(4));
    print("sub: " + sub);
    copy.retainAll(sub);
    print("13: " + copy);
    copy = new ArrayList<Pet>(pets); // Get a fresh copy
    copy.remove(2); // Remove by index
    print("14: " + copy);
    copy.removeAll(sub); // Only removes exact objects
    print("15: " + copy);
    copy.set(1, new Mouse()); // Replace an element
    print("16: " + copy);
    copy.addAll(2, sub); // Insert a list in the middle
    print("17: " + copy);
    print("18: " + pets.isEmpty());
    pets.clear(); // Remove all elements
    print("19: " + pets);
    print("20: " + pets.isEmpty());
    pets.addAll(Pets.arrayList(4));
    print("21: " + pets);
    Object[] o = pets.toArray();
    print("22: " + o[3]);
    Pet[] pa = pets.toArray(new Pet[0]);
    print("23: " + pa[3].id());
  }
} /* Output:
1: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
2: [Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Hamster]
3: true
4: Cymric 2
5: -1
6: false
7: true
8: [Rat, Manx, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
9: [Rat, Manx, Mutt, Mouse, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
subList: [Manx, Mutt, Mouse]
10: true
sorted subList: [Manx, Mouse, Mutt]
11: true
shuffled subList: [Mouse, Manx, Mutt]
12: true
sub: [Mouse, Pug]
13: [Mouse, Pug]
14: [Rat, Mouse, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
15: [Rat, Mutt, Cymric, Pug]
16: [Rat, Mouse, Cymric, Pug]
17: [Rat, Mouse, Mouse, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
18: false
19: []
20: true
21: [Manx, Cymric, Rat, EgyptianMau]
22: EgyptianMau
284
Thinking in Java
Bruce Eckel
23: 14
*///:~
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历遍器

   有些时候我们不知道我们将要使用的容器类型,或者说我们要对多种容器进行相同的历遍操作,这个时候如何做到代码与容器类型的分离,以便实现代码的重用呢?Java中提供了历遍器可以有效地将操作与容器类型相分离,如下:

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//: holding/CrossContainerIteration.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
public class CrossContainerIteration {
  public static void display(Iterator<Pet> it) {
    while(it.hasNext()) {
      Pet p = it.next();
      System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ");
    }
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ArrayList<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(8);
    LinkedList<Pet> petsLL = new LinkedList<Pet>(pets);
    HashSet<Pet> petsHS = new HashSet<Pet>(pets);
    TreeSet<Pet> petsTS = new TreeSet<Pet>(pets);
    display(pets.iterator());
    display(petsLL.iterator());
    display(petsHS.iterator());
    display(petsTS.iterator());
  }
} /* Output:
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
4:Pug 6:Pug 3:Mutt 1:Manx 5:Cymric 7:Manx 2:Cymric 0:Rat
5:Cymric 2:Cymric 7:Manx 1:Manx 3:Mutt 6:Pug 4:Pug 0:Rat
*///:~
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  Iterator只能实现的功能有准备读取序列中的第一个元素;获取下一个元素;查看是否还有下一个元素;移除刚刚获取到的元素。ListIterator比Iterator功能更加强大,但是只对List有作用,Iterator只能前向移动,但是ListIterator是双向的,可以获取当前元素的前一个和下一个元素,可以设置当前元素的值,可以使用ListIterator来准备读取第一个元素,也可以通过传递索引来从指定的索引处开始读取,如下:

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//: holding/ListIteration.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
public class ListIteration {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<Pet> pets = Pets.arrayList(8);
    ListIterator<Pet> it = pets.listIterator();
    while(it.hasNext())
      System.out.print(it.next() + ", " + it.nextIndex() + ", " + it.previousIndex() + "; ");
    System.out.println();
    // Backwards:
    while(it.hasPrevious())
      System.out.print(it.previous().id() + " ");
    System.out.println();
    System.out.println(pets);
    it = pets.listIterator(3);
    while(it.hasNext()) {
      it.next();
      it.set(Pets.randomPet());
    }
    System.out.println(pets);
  }
} /* Output:
Rat, 1, 0; Manx, 2,
5; Pug, 7, 6; Manx,
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
[Rat, Manx, Cymric,
[Rat, Manx, Cymric,
*///:
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LinkedList

   LinkedList继承自List接口,但是在插入和移除方面更加有效率,但是在随机读取方面效率较低,LinkedList添加了一些方法使得自身的性能更像是队列或者双向队列:

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//: holding/LinkedListFeatures.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class LinkedListFeatures {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    LinkedList<Pet> pets = new LinkedList<Pet>(Pets.arrayList(5));
    print(pets);
    // Identical:
    print("pets.getFirst(): " + pets.getFirst());
    print("pets.element(): " + pets.element());
    // Only differs in empty-list behavior:
    print("pets.peek(): " + pets.peek());
    // Identical; remove and return the first element:
    print("pets.remove(): " + pets.remove());
    print("pets.removeFirst(): " + pets.removeFirst());
    // Only differs in empty-list behavior:
    print("pets.poll(): " + pets.poll());
    print(pets);
    pets.addFirst(new Rat());
    print("After addFirst(): " + pets);
    pets.offer(Pets.randomPet());
    print("After offer(): " + pets);
    pets.add(Pets.randomPet());
    print("After add(): " + pets);
    pets.addLast(new Hamster());
    print("After addLast(): " + pets);
    print("pets.removeLast(): " + pets.removeLast());
  }
} /* Output:
[Rat, Manx, Cymric, Mutt, Pug]
pets.getFirst(): Rat
pets.element(): Rat
pets.peek(): Rat
pets.remove(): Rat
pets.removeFirst(): Manx
pets.poll(): Cymric
[Mutt, Pug]
After addFirst(): [Rat, Mutt, Pug]
After offer(): [Rat, Mutt, Pug, Cymric]
After add(): [Rat, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug]
After addLast(): [Rat, Mutt, Pug, Cymric, Pug, Hamster]
pets.removeLast(): Hamster
*///:~
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Stack

  栈是一种先进后出的数据结构,LinkedList有一些方法可以直接应用于栈,因此可以使用LinkedList而不是使用栈,但是有些时候栈可以更好的表达我们想要的东西:

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//: net/mindview/util/Stack.java
// Making a stack from a LinkedList.
package net.mindview.util;
import java.util.LinkedList;
public class Stack<T> {
  private LinkedList<T> storage = new LinkedList<T>();
  public void push(T v) { storage.addFirst(v); }
  public T peek() { return storage.getFirst(); }
  public T pop() { return storage.removeFirst(); }
  public boolean empty() { return storage.isEmpty(); }
  public String toString() { return storage.toString(); }
} ///:~
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如果想要获得栈的性质,这里使用继承是不合适的。因为这样派生出来的类不仅仅具有栈的功能,还具备了LinkedList的其他功能,下面就是这个我们自己的栈和java.util中的Stack的用法:

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//: holding/StackCollision.java
import net.mindview.util.*;
public class StackCollision {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    net.mindview.util.Stack<String> stack = new net.mindview.util.Stack<String>();
    for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" "))
      stack.push(s);
    while(!stack.empty())
      System.out.print(stack.pop() + " ");
    System.out.println();
    java.util.Stack<String> stack2 = new java.util.Stack<String>();
    for(String s : "My dog has fleas".split(" "))
      stack2.push(s);
    while(!stack2.empty())
    System.out.print(stack2.pop() + " ");
  }
} /* Output:
fleas has dog My
fleas has dog My
*///:~
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虽然java.util.Stack存在,但是用LinkedList创建的Stack性能更好,因此更推荐使用我们自己创建的栈结构。

Set

  Set只能保存不想同的元素,如果存储相同的元素多次,将会报错。Set最长用的场景是测试元素之间的关系,例如你可以询问某个对象是否在Set中。因为这样,Set中最常用也是最重要的功能是查找,同长我们选择HashSet来进行这个工作。Set继承了Collection接口,而且除了这个接口没有实现任何其他的功能。

  HashSet采用哈系算法,没有对元素进行排序,TreeSet采用了红黑树数据结构,因此HashSet得到的结果是无序的,TreeSet得到的结果是有序的。

  Set中最长用的功能就是contains来测试集合之间的关系,如下:

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//: holding/SetOperations.java
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class SetOperations {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Set<String> set1 = new HashSet<String>();
    Collections.addAll(set1,"A B C D E F G H I J K L".split(" "));
    set1.add("M");
    print("H: " + set1.contains("H"));
    print("N: " + set1.contains("N"));
    Set<String> set2 = new HashSet<String>();
    Collections.addAll(set2, "H I J K L".split(" "));
    print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2));
    set1.remove("H");
    print("set1: " + set1);
    print("set2 in set1: " + set1.containsAll(set2));
    set1.removeAll(set2);
    print("set2 removed from set1: " + set1);
    Collections.addAll(set1, "X Y Z".split(" "));
    print("‘X Y Z’ added to set1: " + set1);
  }
} /* Output:
H: true
N: false
set2 in set1: true
set1: [D, K, C, B, L, G, I, M, A, F, J, E]
set2 in set1: false
set2 removed from set1: [D, C, B, G, M, A, F, E]
‘X Y Z’ added to set1: [Z, D, C, B, G, M, A, F, Y, X, E]
*///:~
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  Set中不能存储重复对象的特性非常有用,例如列举出出现的所有单词,还可以使用TreeSet将结果按照顺序输出:

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//: holding/UniqueWordsAlphabetic.java
// Producing an alphabetic listing.
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
public class UniqueWordsAlphabetic {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Set<String> words = new TreeSet<String>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER);
    words.addAll(new TextFile("SetOperations.java", "\\W+"));
    System.out.println(words);
  }
} /* Output:
[A, add, addAll, added, args, B, C, class, Collections, contains,
containsAll, D, E, F, false, from, G, H, HashSet, holding, I, import,
in, J, java, K, L, M, main, mindview, N, net, new, Output, Print,
public, remove, removeAll, removed, Set, set1, set2, SetOperations,
split, static, String, to, true, util, void, X, Y, Z]
*///:~
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Map

   在编程中通过一种对象索引另外一个对象非常有用。例如下面的代码用来检测java生成的随机数是否平均分布:

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//: holding/Statistics.java
// Simple demonstration of HashMap.
import java.util.*;
public class Statistics {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    Map<Integer,Integer> m = new HashMap<Integer,Integer>();
    for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
      // Produce a number between 0 and 20:
      int r = rand.nextInt(20);
      Integer freq = m.get(r);
      m.put(r, freq == null ? 1 : freq + 1);
    }
    System.out.println(m);
  }
} /* Output
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  另外Map还可以嵌套使用,只需要将其中的值设置为Map结构就可以,如下:

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//: holding/MapOfList.java
package holding;
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class MapOfList {
  public static Map<Person, List<? extends Pet>>
  petPeople = new HashMap<Person, List<? extends Pet>>();
  static {
    petPeople.put(new Person("Dawn"),
    Arrays.asList(new Cymric("Molly"),new Mutt("Spot")));
    petPeople.put(new Person("Kate"),
    Arrays.asList(new Cat("Shackleton"),
    new Cat("Elsie May"), new Dog("Margrett")));
    petPeople.put(new Person("Marilyn"),
    Arrays.asList(
      new Pug("Louie aka Louis Snorkelstein Dupree"),
      new Cat("Stanford aka Stinky el Negro"),
      new Cat("Pinkola")));
    petPeople.put(new Person("Luke"),
    Arrays.asList(new Rat("Fuzzy"), new Rat("Fizzy")));
    petPeople.put(new Person("Isaac"),
    Arrays.asList(new Rat("Freckly")));
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("People: " + petPeople.keySet());
    print("Pets: " + petPeople.values());
    for(Person person : petPeople.keySet()) {
      print(person + " has:");
      for(Pet pet : petPeople.get(person))
      print(" " + pet);
    }
  }
} /* Output:
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Queue

  队列是一种先进先出的数据结构,出队的顺序和入队的顺序相同。队列在对对象从一处转移到另外一处的时候非常有用,尤其是在并发编程的时候。LinkedList有支持队列特性的方法,同时还继承了Queue接口,因此一个LinkedList可以当作Queue来使用,通过将LinkedList上塑造型到Queue,可以使用队列的一系列方法:

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//: holding/QueueDemo.java
// Upcasting to a Queue from a LinkedList.
import java.util.*;
public class QueueDemo {
  public static void printQ(Queue queue) {
    while(queue.peek() != null)
      System.out.print(queue.remove() + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<Integer>();
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      queue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10));
    printQ(queue);
    Queue<Character> qc = new LinkedList<Character>();
    for(char c : "Brontosaurus".toCharArray())
      qc.offer(c);
    printQ(qc);
  }
} /* Output:
8 1 1 1 5 14 3 1 0 1
B r o n t o s a u r u s
*///:~
复制代码

  上面介绍的是一般队列,按照等待的时间进行先进先出,但是有些事后我们需要根据对象被需要的等级来安排出队的顺序,这个时候我们需要使用优先级队列,PriorityQueue。当使用offer添加对象到PriorityQueue的时候,对象在队列中被排序,默认的排序方法是使用对象的自然顺序,但是可以通过提供自己的Comparator来改变对象的排列顺序,你首先得到的对象是最高优先等级的对象:

复制代码
//: holding/PriorityQueueDemo.java
import java.util.*;
public class PriorityQueueDemo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    PriorityQueue<Integer> priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<Integer>();
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      priorityQueue.offer(rand.nextInt(i + 10));
    QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue);
    List<Integer> ints = Arrays.asList(25, 22, 20,18, 14, 9, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 9, 14, 18, 21, 23, 25);
    priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<Integer>(ints);
    QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue);
    priorityQueue = new PriorityQueue<Integer>(ints.size(), Collections.reverseOrder());
    priorityQueue.addAll(ints);
    QueueDemo.printQ(priorityQueue);
    String fact = "EDUCATION SHOULD ESCHEW OBFUSCATION";
    List<String> strings = Arrays.asList(fact.split(""));
    PriorityQueue<String> stringPQ = new PriorityQueue<String>(strings);
    QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ);
    stringPQ = new PriorityQueue<String>(strings.size(), Collections.reverseOrder());
    stringPQ.addAll(strings);
    QueueDemo.printQ(stringPQ);
    Set<Character> charSet = new HashSet<Character>();
    for(char c : fact.toCharArray())
      charSet.add(c); // Autoboxing
    PriorityQueue<Character> characterPQ = new PriorityQueue<Character>(charSet);
    QueueDemo.printQ(characterPQ);
  }
} /* Output:
0 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 8 14
1 1 2 3 3 9 9 14 14 18 18 20 21 22 23 25 25
25 25 23 22 21 20 18 18 14 14 9 9 3 3 2 1 1
A A B C C C D D E E E F H H I I L N N O O O O S S S T T U U U W
W U U U T T S S S O O O O N N L I I H H F E E E D D C C C B A A
A B C D E F H I L N O S T U W
*///:~
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  Integer,String和Character都可以与PriorityQueue配合,因为他们已经有内置的排序方法,如果需要使用自己创建的类与PriorityQueue使用,你必须包含附加的排序方法,或者Comparator。

集合vs历遍器

  Collection提供了所有有序序列的容器接口,另外,java.utilAbstractCollection类提供了Collection的实现,你可以通过创建AbstractCollection的子类而不用书写重复的代码。使用Collection接口而不使用具体类型的好处就是代码重用,任何继承自Collection接口的类型都可以在这个方法中使用。另外,Java中Collection和iterator是绑定到一起的,继承了Collection就意味着提供了iterator方法:

复制代码
//: holding/InterfaceVsIterator.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
public class InterfaceVsIterator {
  public static void display(Iterator<Pet> it) {
    while(it.hasNext()) {
      Pet p = it.next();
      System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ");
    }
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void display(Collection<Pet> pets) {
    for(Pet p : pets)
      System.out.print(p.id() + ":" + p + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<Pet> petList = Pets.arrayList(8);
    Set<Pet> petSet = new HashSet<Pet>(petList);
    Map<String,Pet> petMap = new LinkedHashMap<String,Pet>(); 
    String[] names = ("Ralph, Eric, Robin, Lacey, " + "Britney, Sam, Spot, Fluffy").split(", ");
    for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++)
      petMap.put(names[i], petList.get(i));
    display(petList);
    display(petSet);
    display(petList.iterator());
    display(petSet.iterator());
    System.out.println(petMap);
    System.out.println(petMap.keySet());
    display(petMap.values());
    display(petMap.values().iterator());
  }
} /* Output:
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
4:Pug 6:Pug 3:Mutt 1:Manx 5:Cymric 7:Manx 2:Cymric 0:Rat
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
4:Pug 6:Pug 3:Mutt 1:Manx 5:Cymric 7:Manx 2:Cymric 0:Rat
{Ralph=Rat, Eric=Manx, Robin=Cymric, Lacey=Mutt, Britney=Pug,
Sam=Cymric, Spot=Pug, Fluffy=Manx}
[Ralph, Eric, Robin, Lacey, Britney, Sam, Spot, Fluffy]
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
*///:~
复制代码

  Iterator的使用在涉及到不能上塑造型到Collection的时候就显得尤为重要。例如我们通过继承一个承载了Pet对象的类来创建一个Collection的实现,我们必须实现Collection的所有方法,即使我们在display方法中不许要使用他们。虽然这可以通过继承自AbstractCollection来实现,你还是必须实现iterator()方法和size()来弥补AbstractCollection没有实现的方法,而且这些方法有可能在AbstractCollection的其他方法中使用到:

复制代码
//: holding/CollectionSequence.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
public class CollectionSequence
extends AbstractCollection<Pet> {
  private Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8);
  public int size() { return pets.length; }
  public Iterator<Pet> iterator() {
    return new Iterator<Pet>() {
      private int index = 0;
      public boolean hasNext() {
        return index < pets.length;
      }
      public Pet next() { return pets[index++]; }
      public void remove() { // Not implemented
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
      }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CollectionSequence c = new CollectionSequence();
    InterfaceVsIterator.display(c);
    InterfaceVsIterator.display(c.iterator());
  }
} /* Output:
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
*///:~
复制代码

  从上面的例子中我们可以看到,如果需要继承Collection,你必须实现iterator方法,但是如果你的类已经继承了其他的类,那么你就不能继承自AbstractCollection,这个时候,继承自Collection你就必须实现接口中的所有方法,因此通过继承和添加iterator就显得方便许多:

复制代码
//: holding/NonCollectionSequence.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
class PetSequence {
  protected Pet[] pets = Pets.createArray(8);
}
public class NonCollectionSequence extends PetSequence {
  public Iterator<Pet> iterator() {
    return new Iterator<Pet>() {
      private int index = 0;
      public boolean hasNext() {
        return index < pets.length;
      }
      public Pet next() { return pets[index++]; }
      public void remove() { // Not implemented
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
      }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    NonCollectionSequence nc = new NonCollectionSequence();
    InterfaceVsIterator.display(nc.iterator());
  }
} /* Output:
0:Rat 1:Manx 2:Cymric 3:Mutt 4:Pug 5:Cymric 6:Pug 7:Manx
*///:~
复制代码

  通过提供Iterator是最松耦合的将序列与历遍序列相联系的方法,而且要比继承Collection要少得许多的限制。

Foreach和历遍器

  freach语法可以对所有Collection对象使用。之所以可以的原因是Java SE5中引入了新的接口Iterable,包含了iterator方法用来生成iterator,foreach语法就是通过Iterable接口来实现历遍的,任何继承了Iterable接口的对象都可以使用foreach语法:

复制代码
//: holding/IterableClass.java
// Anything Iterable works with foreach.
import java.util.*;
public class IterableClass implements Iterable<String> {
  protected String[] words = ("And that is how " + "we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.").split(" ");
  public Iterator<String> iterator() {
    return new Iterator<String>() {
      private int index = 0;
      public boolean hasNext() {
        return index < words.length;
      }
      public String next() { return words[index++]; }
      public void remove() { // Not implemented
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
      }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(String s : new IterableClass())
      System.out.print(s + " ");
  }
} /* Output:
And that is how we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.
*///:~
复制代码

  foreach语句可以用于数组或者任何Iterable接口,但是这并不意味着一个数组可以自动地转换成为Iterable,有没有任何装箱操作发生:

复制代码
//: holding/ArrayIsNotIterable.java
import java.util.*;
public class ArrayIsNotIterable {
  static <T> void test(Iterable<T> ib) {
    for(T t : ib)
      System.out.print(t + " ");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    test(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3));
    String[] strings = { "A", "B", "C" };
    // An array works in foreach, but it’s not Iterable:
    //! test(strings);
    // You must explicitly convert it to an Iterable:
    test(Arrays.asList(strings));
  }
} /* Output:
1 2 3 A B C
*///:~
复制代码

  如果是已经有了一个继承自Iterable的类,但是因为值提供了一种历遍方法,现在我希望有不同的历遍方法,例如前向和反向历遍,以便我可以选择使用那种历遍方法,该如何解决呢?一种方案就是使用适配器模式,当需要一种接口来适合另外一个接口的时候可以使用这种模式。下面添加一种逆向的历遍方法,不能重写,只能添加一个方法来产生一个Iterable对象,然后使用这个对象来完成foreach语句,这样就可以完成多种历遍方式:

复制代码
//: holding/AdapterMethodIdiom.java
// The "Adapter Method" idiom allows you to use foreach
// with additional kinds of Iterables.
import java.util.*;
class ReversibleArrayList<T> extends ArrayList<T> {
  public ReversibleArrayList(Collection<T> c) { super(c); }
  public Iterable<T> reversed() {
    return new Iterable<T>() {
      public Iterator<T> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<T>() {
          int current = size() - 1;
          public boolean hasNext() { return current > -1; }
          public T next() { return get(current--); }
          public void remove() { // Not implemented
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
}
public class AdapterMethodIdiom {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ReversibleArrayList<String> ral = new ReversibleArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList("To be or not to be".split(" ")));
    // Grabs the ordinary iterator via iterator():
    for(String s : ral)
      System.out.print(s + " ");
    System.out.println();
    // Hand it the Iterable of your choice
    for(String s : ral.reversed())
      System.out.print(s + " ");
  }
} /* Output:
To be or not to be
be to not or be To
*///:~
复制代码

使用这种方法还可以添加另外两种历遍的方法:

复制代码
//: holding/MultiIterableClass.java
// Adding several Adapter Methods.
import java.util.*;
public class MultiIterableClass extends IterableClass {
  public Iterable<String> reversed() {
    return new Iterable<String>() {
      public Iterator<String> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<String>() {
          int current = words.length - 1;
          public boolean hasNext() { return current > -1; }
          public String next() { return words[current--]; }
          public void remove() { // Not implemented
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
  public Iterable<String> randomized() {
    return new Iterable<String>() {
      public Iterator<String> iterator() {
        List<String> shuffled = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(words));
        Collections.shuffle(shuffled, new Random(47));
        return shuffled.iterator();
      }
    };
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    MultiIterableClass mic = new MultiIterableClass();
    for(String s : mic.reversed())
      System.out.print(s + " ");
    System.out.println();
    for(String s : mic.randomized())
      System.out.print(s + " ");
    System.out.println();
    for(String s : mic)
      System.out.print(s + " ");
  }
} /* Output:
banana-shaped. be to Earth the know we how is that And
is banana-shaped. Earth that how the be And we know to
And that is how we know the Earth to be banana-shaped.
*///:~
复制代码

  我们可以看到random方法没有创建自己的Iterator仅仅是返回了乱序的List。我们可以看到Collections.shuffled方法不影响原数组的顺序,仅仅是打乱shuffle中的引用而已。之所以这样是因为randomized方法中先将Array.asList封装到ArrayList中,如果直接对Array.asList洗牌,那么产生List将会改变原数组中的是顺序,如下:

复制代码
//: holding/ModifyingArraysAsList.java
import java.util.*;
public class ModifyingArraysAsList {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Random rand = new Random(47);
    Integer[] ia = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
    List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(ia));
    System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list1);
    Collections.shuffle(list1, rand);
    System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list1);
    System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia));
    List<Integer> list2 = Arrays.asList(ia);
    System.out.println("Before shuffling: " + list2);
    Collections.shuffle(list2, rand);
    System.out.println("After shuffling: " + list2);
    System.out.println("array: " + Arrays.toString(ia));
  }
} /* Output:
Before shuffling: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
After shuffling: [4, 6, 3, 1, 8, 7, 2, 5, 10,
array: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
Before shuffling: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
After shuffling: [9, 1, 6, 3, 7, 2, 5, 10, 4,
array: [9, 1, 6, 3, 7, 2, 5, 10, 4, 8]
*///:~
复制代码

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/KKKEr/archive/2012/11/01/2750386.html

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